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 Proto-Turkic Altaic etymology Meaning Russian meaning Old Turkic Karakhanid Turkish Tatar Middle Turkic Uzbek Uighur Sary-Yughur Azerbaidzhan Turkmen Khakassian Shor Oyrat Halaj Chuvash Yakut Dolgan Tuva Tofalar Kirghiz Kazakh Noghai Bashkir Balkar Gagauz Karaim Karakalpak Salar Kumyk Comments
face="Times New Roman Star"*ko"peface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 coat of mail 2 ring of mail 3 earring 4 overcoat 5 saddle-pad for a camel 6 film of egg, exuviae 7 a k. of cloth or carpetface="Times New Roman Star"1 êîëü÷óãà 2 êîëüöî êîëü÷óãè 3 ñåðüãà 4 ïëàù, ïàëüòî 5 âåðáëþæüå ñåäëî 6 ïëåíêà ÿéöà, ñáðîøåííàÿ êîæà 7 âèä òêàíè èëè êîâðà
face="Times New Roman Star"ku"pe 1, 2, 3, ku"pik (MK) 4, ko"pc?u"k (MK) 5, ko"psu"n 'mattress' (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"ku"pe 3, kepeneg, ko"penek 4, ko"pen 7face="Times New Roman Star"ku"pme| 'mattress'face="Times New Roman Star"ko"pen (ku"pen) 5




face="Times New Roman Star"ko"bo"n 'mattress'


face="Times New Roman Star"k@w|be 6



face="Times New Roman Star"ku"pu" 'øóáà èç ìåõà ìåäâåæîíêà'face="Times New Roman Star"ko"ps?ik 'pillow'
face="Times New Roman Star"ku"pme| 'mattress'





face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 687, 688, 689, ÝÑÒß 5, 48-49, 108 (Tur. ko"pen being attributed here to a quite different root, see under *ko"p- 'to swell, foam'), 114-115, 129-130, TMN 3, 581-583. The above forms are hard to separate, and Doerfer's point of view that ko"penek is secondarily < kepenek is probably faulty (even though ko"penek is attested later: ko"pen is certainly attested earlier, and an assimilative delabialization *ko"penek > kepenek seems quite plausible). The Chuvash form shows that the original meaning of the root must have been 'transparent covering, film', whence 'coat of mail' etc. Turk. > Mong. kebeneg 'saddle-cloth, shirt', Hung. ko"po"nyeg 'raincoat' (Gombocz 1912).
face="Times New Roman Star"*sin|ekface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 mosquito 2 flyface="Times New Roman Star"1 êîìàð 2 ìóõà
face="Times New Roman Star"sin|ek 1,2 (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"sinek 2
face="Times New Roman Star"sin|ak, sin|gek 2 (Pav. C.)

face="Times New Roman Star"syn|gek 'gad-fly'face="Times New Roman Star"sina"k 1face="Times New Roman Star"sin|ek 2face="Times New Roman Star"sik, se:k 2
face="Times New Roman Star"se:k 1
face="Times New Roman Star"s?úna 2

face="Times New Roman Star"se:k 2





face="Times New Roman Star"sinek 2face="Times New Roman Star"sinek 2


face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 838, VEWT 422-423, Ëåêñèêà 185, ÝÑÒß 7. Cf. also Yak., Dolg. yn|yrya 'bee, wasp' (Stachowski 261). Turk. > Hung. szunyog 'mosquito', see Gombocz 1912.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Tokface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 hummel 2 base of a horn 3 with a shaved headface="Times New Roman Star"1 êîìîëûé 2 îñíîâàíèå ðîãà 3 áðèòîãîëîâûé
face="Times New Roman Star"toq 3 (MK)

face="Times New Roman Star"toqal (R) 1face="Times New Roman Star"to.qo|l 1, 3face="Times New Roman Star"toqal 1





face="Times New Roman Star"? toq 'Gipfel, Spitze'


face="Times New Roman Star"toqpaq 'êóöûé' (õâîñò), doqpaq 'êîðíîóõèé'face="Times New Roman Star"? to'q 'êðóïíûé î øàðîîáðàçíîì'face="Times New Roman Star"toqol 1face="Times New Roman Star"toqal 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"toqal, toqalaq 1, 3face="Times New Roman Star"tuqal 1face="Times New Roman Star"toqal 1
face="Times New Roman Star"toqal 'ñ òóïûì êîíöîì'face="Times New Roman Star"toqal 1

face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 485, 486 (but not < Mong., despite Ra"sa"nen); EDT 464.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Kom-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 horse dung 2 sheep dung balls 3 round, spheroidface="Times New Roman Star"1 êîíñêèé ïîìåò 2 êàòûøêè îâå÷üåãî ïîìåòà 3 êðóãëûé, øàðîîáðàçíûé
face="Times New Roman Star"qomuq 1 (MK)

face="Times New Roman Star"qumal 3, qumalag| 2














face="Times New Roman Star"qumalaq 2







face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 627, VEWT 299. Cf. also Chag. qombul 'round knob' (VEWT 279; the isolated Kalm. qumbaji-, qumbiji- 'sich zusammenballen', see KW 196) may have a Turkic origin).
face="Times New Roman Star"*supyface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 conus-shaped 2 oval, longface="Times New Roman Star"1 êîíóñîîáðàçíûé 2 îâàëüíûé, ïðîäîëãîâàòûé
face="Times New Roman Star"suby 1 (MK)

face="Times New Roman Star"subu, suby (AH)face="Times New Roman Star"su.po|q 2












face="Times New Roman Star"sopaj 'long person', sopaq 'conus-shaped cylinder'face="Times New Roman Star"sopaq 2




face="Times New Roman Star"sopaq 2

face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 784-785. Turk. > WMong. subag|, Kalm. sow@g|, KW 332). Cf. also Tur. sopa 'big stick'.
face="Times New Roman Star"*bu"t-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to end, accomplish 2 to be ended 3 to create, build 4 to heal 5 to grow, ripenface="Times New Roman Star"1 êîí÷àòü, çàâåðøàòü 2 êîí÷àòüñÿ 3 ñîçäàâàòü, ñòðîèòü 4 çàæèâàòü 5 âûðàñòàòü, âûçðåâàòüface="Times New Roman Star"bu"t- 2, 4, 5 (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"bu"t- 2, 4, 5 (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"bit- 2, 5face="Times New Roman Star"bet- 2, bet-e|s?- 4face="Times New Roman Star"bu"t- 2, 4, 5 (Abush., Sangl.)face="Times New Roman Star"bit- 2, 4, 5face="Times New Roman Star"bu"t- 2face="Times New Roman Star"pyt-, put- 1,2face="Times New Roman Star"bit- 2face="Times New Roman Star"bit- 2, 4, 5face="Times New Roman Star"pu"t- 3, 4face="Times New Roman Star"pu"d-u"r- 3face="Times New Roman Star"bu"t- 1, 4, 5face="Times New Roman Star"bit- 2face="Times New Roman Star"p@w|t- 2face="Times New Roman Star"bu"t- 1,2, 4face="Times New Roman Star"bu"t- 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"bu"'t- 2, 4face="Times New Roman Star"bu"'t- 2face="Times New Roman Star"bu"t- 1,2, 4, 5face="Times New Roman Star"bit- 2, 4face="Times New Roman Star"bit- 2, 4, 5face="Times New Roman Star"bo"t- 2, bo"t-o"s?- 4face="Times New Roman Star"bit- 2, 5; 'to close'face="Times New Roman Star"bit- 2face="Times New Roman Star"bit- 2, 5face="Times New Roman Star"pit- 2, 4, 5
face="Times New Roman Star"bit- 2, 5face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 93, TMN 2, 267, EDT 298-9, 306, ÝÑÒß 2, 152-154, 302-303, Stachowski 68. Cf. also PT *bu"tu"n 'all, whole' - a derivative from *bu"t-. Turk. > Mong. *bu"te-, *bu"tu"- (KW 69-70, TMN 2, 268-269, Ùåðáàê 1997, 111).
face="Times New Roman Star"*sab-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to be stopped, hindered, discontinued 2 to stop, finish 3 to turn off (the road) 4 to get rid of 5 to turn downwards, decline 6 to pass, pass awayface="Times New Roman Star"1 êîí÷àòüñÿ, îñòàíàâëèâàòüñÿ 2 ïåðåñòàâàòü, ïðåêðàùàòüñÿ 3 ñâîðà÷èâàòü (ñ ïóòè) 4 èçáàâëÿòüñÿ 5 ñêëîíÿòüñÿ êíèçó, óäàëÿòüñÿ, óñòðàíÿòüñÿ 6 ïðîõîäèòü, èñ÷åçàòü
face="Times New Roman Star"savra- 1, savyl- 5 (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"sav- 4, savus?- 6
face="Times New Roman Star"sav- 3, 4 (AH, Pav. C.)face="Times New Roman Star"so|w-, su:-, so|wul-, suwul- (dial.) 2

face="Times New Roman Star"sovul- 2, sovus?- 6face="Times New Roman Star"sow- 3, sowul- 2, 3













face="Times New Roman Star"saus?- 6face="Times New Roman Star"savus?- 6


face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 788-789, 791, ÝÑÒß 7.
face="Times New Roman Star"*e:l/-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to dig 2 to tear, rip open 3 to row 4 to swim 5 to throw awayface="Times New Roman Star"1 êîïàòü 2 ðâàòü 3 ãðåñòè 4 ïëàâàòü 5 âûêèäûâàòü

face="Times New Roman Star"es?- 1face="Times New Roman Star"is?- 2face="Times New Roman Star"es?- 1 (Abush.)


face="Times New Roman Star"es?- 2face="Times New Roman Star"ijs?-gek `oar'face="Times New Roman Star"is- 3

face="Times New Roman Star"ha"s?u"-face="Times New Roman Star"alt- 1face="Times New Roman Star"es-, is- 5
face="Times New Roman Star"es?ti- 4, es?- 3face="Times New Roman Star"es?-, e'hit- 3face="Times New Roman Star"es?- 1








face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 51, EDT 255-6, ÝÑÒß 1, 315-316, Ìóäðàê Äèññ. 95. Chuv. is?- 'to row; to swim; to demolish, tear' is evidently borrowed from Tat. (as opposed to the genuine al-t- ). Khal. h- is unclear here (external evidence clearly points to *0-).
face="Times New Roman Star"*Kar/-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to dig 2 to scrape, scratch 3 planeface="Times New Roman Star"1 êîïàòü 2 ñêðåñòè, öàðàïàòü 3 ðóáàíîêface="Times New Roman Star"qaz- (OUygh.) 1face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- (KB), qazy- (MK) 1face="Times New Roman Star"kaz- 1,2, kazy- 2, kazag|y 3face="Times New Roman Star"qazy- 1face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- (AH, Houts., MA, IM, Pav. C.) 1, (Pav. C.) 2face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- 1, qazi- 1face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"Gaz- 1,2, Gazy- 1,2face="Times New Roman Star"Gaz- 1, Gaza- 2face="Times New Roman Star"dial. xas- 1face="Times New Roman Star"qas- 1face="Times New Roman Star"qas- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"xyr- 2face="Times New Roman Star"xas- 1,2face="Times New Roman Star"kas- 1face="Times New Roman Star"qas- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- 1face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- 1face="Times New Roman Star"qazy- 1face="Times New Roman Star"qad|y- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- 1face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 243, ÝÑÒß 5, 185-186, Ìóäðàê 103, Stachowski 140. Chuv. -y- is not quite clear here.
face="Times New Roman Star"*or-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to dig 2 hole, pit 3 to tear out, drag outface="Times New Roman Star"1 êîïàòü 2 äûðà, ÿìà 3 âûðûâàòü, âûòàñêèâàòü
face="Times New Roman Star"oru 2 (MK)






face="Times New Roman Star"or- 1, or 2



face="Times New Roman Star"var 2face="Times New Roman Star"oro:- 3face="Times New Roman Star"oro:- 3











face="Times New Roman Star"ÝÑÒß 1, 466-468, TMN 2, 144, Stachowski 196. Turk. > Kalm. ur 'hole, pit'. The Chuv. form may point to a variant *o:r (?).
face="Times New Roman Star"*u"n|-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to dig, delve 2 hole, caveface="Times New Roman Star"1 êîïàòü, ïðîêîâûðèâàòü 2 ïåùåðà, íîðàface="Times New Roman Star"u"n|u"r 2 (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"u"n|- 1, u"n|u"r 2 (MK)


face="Times New Roman Star"un|ur 2face="Times New Roman Star"u"n|gu"r 2









face="Times New Roman Star"u"n|g|u"r 2
face="Times New Roman Star"u"n|u"- 1, u"n|ku"r- 2face="Times New Roman Star"u">n|gi- 1, u"n|gi>r 2face="Times New Roman Star"u"n|gi- 1face="Times New Roman Star"u">n|u">- 1


face="Times New Roman Star"u"n|gi- 1, u"n|gir 2

face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 169, 188-189, ÝÑÒß 1, 634, VEWT 521. Turk. *u"n|u"r > Mong. u"n|gu"r (Ùåðáàê 1997, 162).
face="Times New Roman Star"*bakan/face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 hoof 2 knucklebone 3 joints in animals' feetface="Times New Roman Star"1 êîïûòî 2 áàáêà 3 ñóñòàâû â íîãàõ æèâîòíûõface="Times New Roman Star"baqanaq 1 (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"baqanaq, baqajaq 1 (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"bakanak, bakynak 1, 2 (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"be|ke|l 2

face="Times New Roman Star"baqalc?a"q 'shinbone'
face="Times New Roman Star"bag|anag|, bag|anc?ag| 3 (dial.)
face="Times New Roman Star"pag|ajax, maxajax 2






face="Times New Roman Star"mahnyq `metatarsus' (ÔèË 205)face="Times New Roman Star"baqaj 3face="Times New Roman Star"baqaj 3face="Times New Roman Star"baqaj 3face="Times New Roman Star"ba"qa"l 3





face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 58, EDT 316-317, ÝÑÒß 2, 43-44, Äûáî 310, Ëåêñèêà 286-287.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Ka:pukface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 bark (n.) 2 shellface="Times New Roman Star"1 êîðà 2 ñêîðëóïà
face="Times New Roman Star"qabyq (Tefs.) 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"kabuk 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"qabyq 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"qapuq 1 (MA, AH)face="Times New Roman Star"qo|biq 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"qobuq (R, o-t) 1, 2
face="Times New Roman Star"GabyG 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"Ga:byG 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"xabyx (Kach.) 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"qabyq 2face="Times New Roman Star"qabyq 1, 2
face="Times New Roman Star"xobú 1, 2

face="Times New Roman Star"xavyq 2
face="Times New Roman Star"qabyq 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"qabyq 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"qabyq 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"qabyq 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"qabuq 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"qap, qaby 1, 2 'external cover, covering'face="Times New Roman Star"qabux 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"qabyq 1, 2
face="Times New Roman Star"qabuq 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 234, TMN 3, 368-9, ÝÑÒß 5, 168, Ëåêñèêà 107, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 358.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Ka.b-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 bark 2 shell 3 husk 4 branface="Times New Roman Star"1 êîðà 2 ñêîðëóïà 3 øåëóõà 4 îòðóáè, ìÿêèíàface="Times New Roman Star"qavyq 4 (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"qavyq, qavuq (MK, KB) 4face="Times New Roman Star"kavuz 3, kavza 2

face="Times New Roman Star"qo|vuz 3face="Times New Roman Star"qovzaq 1
face="Times New Roman Star"Gavyz (dial.) 3
face="Times New Roman Star"xo:x 4face="Times New Roman Star"qo:q 3, 4

face="Times New Roman Star"xyvúx 4

face="Times New Roman Star"xo:-tara: 'a k. of millet with sagging panicles'

face="Times New Roman Star"qavyz 4face="Times New Roman Star"qavyz 4



face="Times New Roman Star"qavyz 4
face="Times New Roman Star"quvyq 3face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 217, EDT 583, ÝÑÒß 5, 173-174, 178-179, Ìóäðàê Äèññ. 62. The root should be distinguished from *K(i)ab- 'peeled skin, peel' (v. sub *k`i_a:\bu).
face="Times New Roman Star"*Kar/, *Kar/-dyr/face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 bark 2 scales 3 dandruff 4 to peel bark 5 to husk nutsface="Times New Roman Star"1 êîðà 2 ÷åøóÿ 3 ïåðõîòü 4 ñäèðàòü êîðó 5 ëóùèòü îðåõèface="Times New Roman Star"qadyz 1 (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"qaz, qad|yz 1 (MK)
face="Times New Roman Star"qajry 1, dial. qajyz 1; qajyzla- 4
face="Times New Roman Star"qazg|o|q 3
face="Times New Roman Star"qazdyq 1

face="Times New Roman Star"xastyryx 1


face="Times New Roman Star"xujúr 1face="Times New Roman Star"qatyryk 1; xasta:- 'to skin'face="Times New Roman Star"kasta:- 'to skin'face="Times New Roman Star"qazyryq 2, qazy- 4face="Times New Roman Star"qa's- 5
face="Times New Roman Star"qajyzg|aq 3face="Times New Roman Star"qajyzg|aq 3face="Times New Roman Star"qajry, dial. qajyd| 1


face="Times New Roman Star"qajyzg|aq 3

face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 218, 243, EDT 608, 665, ÝÑÒß 5, 211-212, 328, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 352, Ëåêñèêà 107. The original form here is *Kar/; a suffixed form was *Kar/dy(r/), later simplified to *Kadyr/. This can be clearly seen from forms like SUygh. and Khak. Another possible explanation could be an early dissimilation (*Kar/-yr/ > *Kadyr/ = *Kad|yr/, or already after the zetacism, *Kazyz > *Kad|yz). There is some confusion between *Kar/ and *Kas, *Kasuk in Old Turkic, but MK definitely spells the word as qaz.
face="Times New Roman Star"*to"r/face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 foundation, root 2 origin, ancestorsface="Times New Roman Star"1 êîðåíü 2 ïðîèñõîæäåíèå, îñíîâàíèå, ðîä, ïðåäêèface="Times New Roman Star"to"z (OUygh.) 2face="Times New Roman Star"to"z (MK, KB) 2
face="Times New Roman Star"tu"z 2 (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"to"z 1 ('root of the ear' - Sangl.), 2 (Pav. C.)




face="Times New Roman Star"to"s 'original spirits', to"s-te- 'to lay ground'face="Times New Roman Star"to"s 2, to"s-tu"k 'tree trunk'face="Times New Roman Star"to"s 2; 'shrub; original spirits'
face="Times New Roman Star"tu"re 'object of dedication; spirit'face="Times New Roman Star"to"ru"t 2face="Times New Roman Star"to"ru"tface="Times New Roman Star"do"s 1, 2, 'shrub'face="Times New Roman Star"do"s, to"s 1face="Times New Roman Star"to"z, to"s 2

face="Times New Roman Star"tu"z 2 (dial.)





face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 495, TMN 2, 612, EDT 571, Ëåêñèêà 109, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 264, Stachowski 228.
face="Times New Roman Star"*in-gek (/*yn-gak), *in-kenface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 cow 2 female camelface="Times New Roman Star"1 êîðîâà 2 âåðáëþäèöàface="Times New Roman Star"ingek (Orkh., OUygh.) 1, ingen 2 (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"ingek 1, ingen 2 (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"inek 1face="Times New Roman Star"i>na"k 1 (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"inek 1 (AH), inen 2 (Pav. C.)face="Times New Roman Star"ina"k, ina"j 1 (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"ina"k 1, (dial.) ingan, in|gan 2face="Times New Roman Star"inek, enek 1face="Times New Roman Star"ina"k 1face="Times New Roman Star"inek 1 (ÝÑÒß), inen 2face="Times New Roman Star"i>nek 1face="Times New Roman Star"inek, na"k 1face="Times New Roman Star"inek, ijnek 1
face="Times New Roman Star"@ne 1face="Times New Roman Star"ynax 1
face="Times New Roman Star"inek 1, en|gin 2
face="Times New Roman Star"inek 1, in|gen 2face="Times New Roman Star"inek 1, i>n|gen 2

face="Times New Roman Star"inek, ijnek 1face="Times New Roman Star"inek 1face="Times New Roman Star"inek 1face="Times New Roman Star"in|gen 2
face="Times New Roman Star"inek 1face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 184, VEWT 172, ÝÑÒß 1, 358-361, Åãîðîâ 64, Ëåêñèêà 436, 447-448). Turk. > Mong. in|gen 'female camel'; Hung. u"no? 'heifer' (Gombocz 1912).
face="Times New Roman Star"*Kys-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 short 2 narrow 3 to squeezeface="Times New Roman Star"1 êîðîòêèé 2 óçêèé 3 ñäàâëèâàòüface="Times New Roman Star"qysg|a (Orkh.) 1face="Times New Roman Star"qys- 3 (MK, KB), qysyg| 2 (MK), qysqa 1 (KB), qysg|a 1 (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"kysa 1, kys- 3face="Times New Roman Star"qysqa 1, qys- 3face="Times New Roman Star"qysqa 1 (Abush.), qys- (MA)face="Times New Roman Star"qisqa 1face="Times New Roman Star"qisqa 1face="Times New Roman Star"GysGa, qysGa 1face="Times New Roman Star"Gysa 1face="Times New Roman Star"GysGa 1, Gys- 3face="Times New Roman Star"xysxa 1, xys- 3
face="Times New Roman Star"qysqa 1
face="Times New Roman Star"x@z@k 2, x@s- 4face="Times New Roman Star"kyhaj- 3face="Times New Roman Star"kyhalga 'straits, sorrow' ( = Yak. kyhalga)face="Times New Roman Star"qysqa 1, qy's- 4, qyzy: 2face="Times New Roman Star"qy'sqa 1, qy's- 4face="Times New Roman Star"qysqa 1face="Times New Roman Star"qysqa 1face="Times New Roman Star"qysqa 1face="Times New Roman Star"qysqa 1face="Times New Roman Star"qysxa 1face="Times New Roman Star"qysa 1face="Times New Roman Star"qsyqa 1face="Times New Roman Star"qysqa 1face="Times New Roman Star"qysGa 1
face="Times New Roman Star"PT *Kys-ga 'short' is derived from PT *Kys- 'to press, squeeze'. See VEWT 267, EDT 665-7, ÝÑÒß 6, 251-253, Stachowski 167.
face="Times New Roman Star"*su"m- ?face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 a k. of weed 2 a sort of wheat with very light grainsface="Times New Roman Star"1 êîñòåð äàíòîíèåâèäíûé 2 ñîðò ïøåíèöû ñ ëåãêèìè çåðíàìè

face="Times New Roman Star"su"mter 2





face="Times New Roman Star"su"msu"le 1


















face="Times New Roman Star"The root is poorly reflected and hardly reliable.
face="Times New Roman Star"*syn|yrface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 double shin boneface="Times New Roman Star"1 êîñòè ãîëåíè 2 ïàðíîå êîïûòî

face="Times New Roman Star"syrnak (dial.) 2face="Times New Roman Star"syjraq 2, (ÊÑÒÒ) syrysxan 1face="Times New Roman Star"san|raq (Pav. C.), syg|raq (AH) 2


face="Times New Roman Star"syn|yr (dial.) 1face="Times New Roman Star"syn|raq, syrnaq 2face="Times New Roman Star"syrsax 1



face="Times New Roman Star"y:ra:x 2
face="Times New Roman Star"sa:r 'âåðõ ñòóïíè', syry 'êîïûòî', sy:rg|aq 2
face="Times New Roman Star"syjra 'ïÿòêà'face="Times New Roman Star"syjraq 2face="Times New Roman Star"syjraq 2face="Times New Roman Star"syraq 2

face="Times New Roman Star"syrc?a 'áåäðî'face="Times New Roman Star"syjraq 2
face="Times New Roman Star"syjraq 2face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 803, ÝÑÒß 7, Ëåêñèêà 147-148, 287. In some languages the reflex may have merged with *sydyr-gak (v. sub *si_udu).
,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,
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