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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *böḳa
Meaning: dirt
Comments: For the Ur. word cf. alternatively: PA *p`ĕk`V 'acid, astringent' or *begV 'a k. of ferment'.
nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-drav,nostret-notes,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *bi̯ŏ́k`à(rV) ( ~ *p-)
Meaning: dirt, patina
Russian meaning: грязь, налет
Comments: Лексика 406. Jpn. *-ǝ- in the first syllable is irregular, due to assimilation or bad compatibility of *a (which would be expected) and *ǝ. altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *bakɨr
Meaning: 1 copper 2 patina
Russian meaning: 1 медь 2 налет, патина
Old Turkic: baqɨr 1 (Yen., OUygh.)
Karakhanid: baqɨr 1 (MK, KB) Turkish: bakɨr 1
Tatar: baqɨr 1
Uzbek: baqir, paqir 1
Uighur: paqir 1
Sary-Yughur: paqɨr 1
Azerbaidzhan: paxɨr 2
Turkmen: baqɨr 1
Khakassian: pāɣǝr (Kyz., Joki) 1 Oyrat: baqras 'brass kettle'
Chuvash: pъʷgъʷr 1
Yakut: baɣaraχ 'pot for boiling milk'
Kirghiz: baqɨr 1
Kazakh: baqɨr 1
Noghai: baqɨr 1
Bashkir: baqɨr 1
Balkar: baɣɨr 1
Gagauz: baqɨr 1
Karaim: baɣɨr 1
Karakalpak: baqɨr 1
Kumyk: baɣɨr 1
turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-alt,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-blkx,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *boki(r)
Meaning: 1 taint, patina; chewing gum 2 dirty
Russian meaning: 1 налет, патина; жвачка 2 грязный
Written Mongolian: boki 1, bokir 2 (L 114) Khalkha: box́ 1, boxir 2
Ordos: boki 1
Monguor: boGodi (: dege ~) 'clopin-clopant' (SM 27) monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-hal,monget-ord,monget-mgr,monget-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *pǝ́kǝ́rí
Meaning: dust
Russian meaning: пыль
Middle Japanese: fokori
Tokyo: hòkori
Kyoto: hókórí
Kagoshima: hokóri
japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-comments,
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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 1535
Proto: *pEkV
English meaning: mould
German meaning: Schimmel, Kahm
Mari (Cheremis): pǝ̑kna- (C), pükna- (M) 'schimmeln (Brot, Leder, Wand usw.)' ?
Udmurt (Votyak): (paki̮- 'вонять, дурно пахнуть', pi̮kmi̮- 'стать затхлым' - rejected by Redei)
Komi (Zyrian): bak (S PO), bag (P PO), buk (Ud.) 'Schimmel, Kahm' ?
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-mar,uralet-udm,uralet-kom,
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Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-Dravidian : *bug-i
Meaning : dust
dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-tel,dravet-koga,
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Telugu etymology :
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Proto-Telugu : *bugg-i
Meaning : ashes, dust
Telugu : buggi
Number in DED : 4243
telet-meaning,telet-prnum,telet-tel_1,telet-dednum,
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Kolami-Gadba etymology :
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Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *bugg-i
Meaning : ashes, earth
Kinwat Kolami : buggi "ashes"
Salur Gadba : buggi "earth"
Number in DED : 4243
kogaet-meaning,kogaet-prnum,kogaet-kol_kin,kogaet-salur,kogaet-dednum,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : PVKV
Meaning : dust, dirt
Amerind (misc.) : *pok 'ashes' (R 25) [+ A] globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-austr,globet-amer,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *buḳ-
Meaning: rot, be rotten
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-sem,afaset-wch,afaset-cch,afaset-hec,
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Semitic etymology :
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Number: 1743
Proto-Semitic: *bVḳ-
Meaning: 'rot'
Hebrew: bqq
Aramaic: bqq
Mandaic Aramaic: baq
semet-proto,semet-prnum,semet-meaning,semet-hbr,semet-arm,semet-mnd,
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West Chadic etymology :
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Proto-WChadic: *ḅwak- < *bwaḳ-
Meaning: 'suppurate, fester' 1, 'rot' 2
Sura: ḅwak 1 [JgS]
Boghom: ḅũuk 2 [Cs]
Notes: Shift of emphatization. OS. can't add: CCh Bura buka 'decay' [Ann]
wchet-prnum,wchet-meaning,wchet-sur,wchet-bgh,wchet-notes,
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Central Chadic etymology :
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Proto-CChadic: *buk-
Meaning: 'decay'
Bura: buka [Ann]
cchet-prnum,cchet-meaning,cchet-bur,
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High East Cushitic etymology :
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Proto-High East Cushitic: *buḳ-
Meaning: 'rot'
Burji (Bambala, Dashe): buuḳ-
hecet-prnum,hecet-meaning,hecet-bmb,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *bʕṓqwV
Meaning: dirt, dung
Comments and references : From NC cf. alternatively *pHulq̇ɨ̆ 915 (see HGC 26). sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,sccet-buru,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *bʕōq_wV
Meaning: dirt, faeces
Notes: An expressive root, reconstructed for the PEC level. (with some metatheses and aberrations: in PN we would rather expect -q-).
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-lezg,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *bʕēχu-
Meaning: dirty
Chechen: bȫχa
Ingush: bʕeχa
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *q:ubV-
Meaning: dirty
Avar: q:úba-
Andian language: q:ubi
Chamalal: q:ubu-
Tindi: q:ū-
Karata: q:ubo-
Comments: Av. > Inkh. quba-, Gin. qubaw.
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-and,aandet-chm,aandet-tnd,aandet-krt,aandet-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *p:oq(a)
Meaning: 1 faeces 2 cow's dung
Lezghian: p:ɨχ (Khl.) 1
Rutul: bɨq (Khniukh.) 2
Kryz: bɨq (Al.) 1
Comment: In Lezg. -q > -χ (but cf. erg. p:q:á-di, pl. p:q:a-r). Irregular expressive reflexes of the same root are probably Arch. (with metathesis and abnormal consonant reflexes) qip 'faeces', qup-un 'dried snot in nose', Rut. (Luch.) paq "bear's dung".
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-rut,lezget-krz,lezget-comment,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *phāk
Meaning: dirt, dregs
Tibetan: sbag (p. sbags, i. sbogs) to soil, stain, pollute, ãbag (p. ãbogs, f. dbag) to defile, to pollute oneself, ãbogs (p. phog, f. dbog, dbag, i. phog) to blot, stain, pollute.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 粕
Modern (Beijing) reading: pò
Preclassic Old Chinese: phrāk
Classic Old Chinese: phrāk
Western Han Chinese: phrāk
Eastern Han Chinese: phrāk
Early Postclassic Chinese: phẹ̄k
Middle Postclassic Chinese: phẹ̄k
Late Postclassic Chinese: phẹ̄k
Middle Chinese: phạ̈ik
English meaning : (wine) residue [Tang]
Russian meaning[s]: 糟粕 1) винный осадок, барда; 2) дрянь, отбросы
Comments: The word is attested only in conjunction with 糟 zāo 'wine', and only since Tang. Viet. bã is not a regular reflex.
Radical: 119
Four-angle index: 1636
Karlgren code: 0782 p
Vietnamese reading: bã
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-viet,
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Yenisseian etymology :
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Proto-Yenisseian: *poʔq
Meaning: excrements
Ket: hɔʔq
Yug: fɔʔx / fɔʔq; fɔgej5,6 "to defecate"
Kottish: fago, phago "dirt"; faguākŋ "to defecate"; fōk, fōx, phōk(g), pl. fōgan, fōkan "dirt, dung"; fogar, phogar "podex"
Comments: ССЕ 251. Werner 1, 327 <*phoq / *phoʔq>.
yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-notes,
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Burushaski etymology :
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Common Burushaski: *baɣéiŋ
Meaning: dung (of cows, horses)
Hunza: baɣéiŋ
Nagar: baɣéiŋ
buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-hun,buruet-ngr,
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Austric etymology :
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Proto-Austric: *ʔpuk
Meaning: rotten
Proto-Austroasiatic: *bʔok Austroasiatic meaning: rotten
Proto-Austronesian: [*buRuk, *busuk, *buyu'k] cf. also *la(m)bug 'turbid', *apuk dust
Austronesian meaning: rotten
Austronesian code: 5:182; 5:188; 5:216
austr-meaning,austr-prnum,austr-aa,austr-aame,austr-an,austr-anme,austr-ancode,
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Austro-Asiatic etymology :
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Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *bʔok
Meaning: rotten
aaet-meaning,aaet-prnum,aaet-kat,aaet-bah,aaet-kmr,
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Katuic etymology :
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Proto-Katuic: *bʔok / *bʔuk
Meaning: decayed, rotten (of wood)
Presyllable: ʔǝ-
References: P-711; TK15.120
katet-meaning,katet-prpr,katet-prnum,katet-wkat,katet-ekat,katet-bibref,
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West Katuic etymology :
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Proto-West Katuic: *bʔ[o]k
Meaning: decayed, rotten (of wood)
Presyllable: ʔǝ-
Bru Van Keu: ʔabok
Bru Van Keu meaning: floated, rotten
Bru: ʔǝbʌwʔ.N V?
Bru meaning: rotten; rǝmbuaʔ.N a hole which is caused by rotten wood on top of a stalk of stump
Kui: phoʔ.N I?
Kui meaning: to be decayed, rotten (wood, book, cloth, etc)
wkatet-meaning,wkatet-wpre,wkatet-prnum,wkatet-vkv,wkatet-vkvme,wkatet-bru,wkatet-brume,wkatet-kui,wkatet-kuime,
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East Katuic etymology :
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Proto-East Katuic: *bʔuk
Meaning: decayed, rotten (of wood)
Presyllable: ʔǝ- / #
Pakoh: ʔǝbuk
Pakoh meaning: rot - of tree, wood, cloth
Ngeq: buk
Ngeq meaning: rotten
Kri: mbuk, ʔambuk
Chatong: buk
ekatet-meaning,ekatet-epre,ekatet-prnum,ekatet-pak,ekatet-pakme,ekatet-nge,ekatet-ngeme,ekatet-kr,ekatet-ct,
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Bahnar etymology :
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Proto-Bahnaric: *Bɔ̆k
Meaning: mud
Proto-South Bahnaric: *bɔk Cua: wuk
References: SBS-496
banet-meaning,banet-prnum,banet-sob,banet-cua,banet-refer,
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South Bahnaric etymology :
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Proto-South Bahnaric: *bɔk
Meaning: mud
Chrau form: bɔʔ
Chrau meaning: mud
Stieng form: bɔk
Stieng meaning: mud
References: SBS-496
sobet-meaning,sobet-prnum,sobet-chr,sobet-chrme,sobet-sti,sobet-stime,sobet-refer,
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Khmer etymology :
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Khmer: buk
Meaning: be rotten; bruk to decay
Old Khmer: wuk, wwak
Old Khmer Meaning: crumbling, decayed
References: P453, JP196
kmret-meaning,kmret-prnum,kmret-okh,kmret-okmean,kmret-ref,
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Pearic etymology :
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Proto-Pearic: *puk.N
Meaning: spoiled, rotten
Chong: puk.A
Chong meaning: spoiled, rotten
Song: puk.A
Song meaning: spoiled, rotten
Kasong: puk.A
Kasong meaning: spoiled, rotten
Samre: puk.A
Samre meaning: spoiled, rotten
pearet-meaning,pearet-prnum,pearet-chng,pearet-chngme,pearet-song,pearet-songme,pearet-kas,pearet-kasme,pearet-smr,pearet-smrme,
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Viet-Muong etymology :
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Proto-Viet-Muong:
Meaning: mould
Vietnamese: mốc
Vietnamese meaning: mould
Muong dialect: mok.3 Loan
Proto-Ruc: *po:k.3
Ruc (Russian field rec.): pok-po:k.3
Ruc (Lo'i's rec.): po:k.3 po:k.3
Ruc meaning: mould
Thavung-So: tabu:k.C.1
Thavung-So meaning: mud
References: NVL150
vimet-meaning,vimet-prnum,vimet-viet,vimet-vietme,vimet-anng,vimet-prru,vimet-rucr,vimet-rucl,vimet-rucme,vimet-so,vimet-some,vimet-bib,
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