Ribeiro 2008: 41, 42; Arikapú et al. 2010: 9. Polysemy: 'many / full / everything / all'. Attested in the Swadesh meaning in [Ribeiro 2008: 96, 180]. Distinct from kɐ̃ {kä̃} 'to end / end / completive / all' [Ribeiro 2008: 82; Arikapú et al. 2010: 19].
Djeoromitxi:b͡zi-tɐ̃ {bzitã}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 49. Polysemy: 'all / every'. The morphological segmentation is unclear.
Proto-Jabuti:*nbɘy
Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. Semantics and structure: The comparison is valid if -tɐ̃ {-tã} is indeed a suffix in Djeoromitxí (cf. Voort #247 *...tã 'completive').
NUMBER:2
WORD:ashes
Arikapu:pi=kǝ=nbɾǝ {pikäbrä}1
Ribeiro 2008: 132; Arikapú et al. 2010: 34.
Djeoromitxi:ka=mɛ̃ {kamẽ}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 74. The morphological segmentation is unclear.
Proto-Jabuti:*=nbɾǝŋ
Voort #64 (*pitʃǝ(mrǝ)). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: The final nasal is reconstructed in order to account for the secondary nasality in Djeoromitxí. External data (Jê, Maxakalí) matches the Arikapú form. Semantics and structure: The comparison is valid if ka= {ka=} is indeed a prefix in Djeoromitxí.
Voort #52 (*kǝ). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. Semantics and structure: Polysemy: 'bark / skin / leather / bark'.
NUMBER:4
WORD:belly
Arikapu:pɾi-ka {prika}1
Ribeiro 2008: 137; Arikapú et al. 2010: 35. -ka {-ka} is possibly a classifier morpheme for round objects, though it might also belong to the root.
Djeoromitxi:pi-ka {pika}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 105. -ka {-ka} is possibly a classifier morpheme for round objects, though it might also belong to the root.
Proto-Jabuti:*pɾi-ka
Voort #20 (*prika). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular.
NUMBER:5
WORD:big
Arikapu:kuhuhu {kuhuhu}1
Ribeiro 2008: 97; Arikapú et al. 2010: 22. Both kuhuhu {kuhuhu} and ɾukɾɛ {rukre} are extensively found in examples, while čiči {txitxi} [Ribeiro 2008: 165; Arikapú et al. 2010: 45] and ʔuɾǝnũ (ʔoɾanũ?) {uränũ} [Arikapú et al. 2010: 49] are apparently quite rare.
Djeoromitxi:buɾu {buru}3
Ribeiro 2008b: 46.
Proto-Jabuti:*čiči
Voort #15, #124 (*-tʃitʃi). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. Semantics and structure: In both languages it is also used as an augmentative (as is common across South America).
NUMBER:5
WORD:big
Arikapu:ɾukɾɛ {rukre}2
Ribeiro 2008: 144; Arikapú et al. 2010: 38.
Djeoromitxi:čiči {txitxi}4
Ribeiro 2008b: 121.
Proto-Jabuti:
NUMBER:6
WORD:bird
Arikapu:nbɨkɾay {bükray}1
Ribeiro 2008: 47. The generic word for birds. However, in [Arikapú et al. 2010: 12] it is translated as 'tinamou'.
Djeoromitxi:bitǝ {bitä}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 44. Polysemy: 'bird / tinamou'.
Proto-Jabuti:*nbɨkɾɔy
Voort #128 (*mɨkraj 'tinamou'). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. Semantics and structure: Polysemy 'bird / tinamou' is readily reconstructible.
NUMBER:7
WORD:bite
Arikapu:koko {kuku}1
Ribeiro 2008: 90; Arikapú et al. 2010: 23. Polysemy: 'to bite / to sting'.
Djeoromitxi:βɛkǝ {wekä}2
Ribeiro 2008b: 127.
Proto-Jabuti:
Not reconstructible. *koko (a reduplication of *ko?) and *wɛkǝ (~ *we-, ~ *-kǝy ~ *-kɔy) are equiprobable candidates. Cf. Voort #166 (*ku), which, however, most likely meant 'to eat'.
NUMBER:8
WORD:black
Arikapu:kǝɾɨ-ɔ {kärüo}1
Ribeiro 2008: 87. Dervied from kǝɾɨ {kärü} 'dark / dirty / at night' (translated as 'black / dark / dirty' in [Arikapú et al. 2010: 20]).
Djeoromitxi:biɾo {biro}2
Ribeiro 2008b: 44.
Proto-Jabuti:
Not reconstructible. *kǝɾɨ ~ *kɘɾɨ and *nb(ɾ)ɨɾo are equiprobable candidates.
NUMBER:9
WORD:blood
Arikapu:čɔ {txo}1
Ribeiro 2008: 168; Arikapú et al. 2010: 46. In the latter source, with polysemy: 'blood / water / broth'.
Djeoromitxi:kǝʔi {käi}2
Ribeiro 2008b: 76.
Proto-Jabuti:
Not reconstructible. *čɔ and *kǝʔi (~ *kǝy- ~ *kɔy-, ~ *-ʔɨ ~ *-ʔɘy ~ *-ʔoy ~ *-ʔuy) are equiprobable candidates.
NUMBER:10
WORD:bone
Arikapu:ʔi {i}1
Ribeiro 2008: 72; Arikapú et al. 2010: 16. Polysemy: 'bone / skeleton'. Cf. či {txi} 'fishbone' [Ribeiro 2008: 163], translated as 'bone' in [Arikapú et al. 2010: 44].
Djeoromitxi:ǯi {dji}2
Ribeiro 2008b: 54.
Proto-Jabuti:*ǯi ~ *ʔi
Voort #185 (*dʒi, *i). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages, changing its meaning to 'fishbone' in Arikapú. Replacements: In Arikapú, ʔi 'bone, skeleton' is found in this meaning; this root might have meant just 'skeleton' in Proto-Jabutí. *ǯi and *ʔi are likely to be ultimately related. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular.
NUMBER:11
WORD:breast
Arikapu:nbǝ-ka {bäka}1
Ribeiro 2008: 42; Arikapú et al. 2010: 8. Polysemy: 'breast / thorax / diaphragm'. Might be derived from nbǝ {bä} 'liver' and ka {ka} 'fruit / round', though this is uncertain. Distinct from ndũndɨ {dudü} 'breast (female)' [Ribeiro 2008: 53; Arikapú et al. 2010: 12]. Cf. nbǝ-ɾi-ka {bärika} [Arikapú et al. 2010: 9].
Not reconstructible. Cf. *nũðɨ 'female breast' (Voort #230 *nunɨ). *nbǝ-ɾi-ka 'thorax' is reconstructible.
NUMBER:12
WORD:burn tr.
Arikapu:kǝ {kä}1
Ribeiro 2008: 84; Arikapú et al. 2010: 19. Polysemy: 'warm / to burn'. Both transitive and intransitive. Cf. kǝ-nɐ̃ {känã} 'to burn, to set on fire' [Ribeiro 2008: 86; Arikapú et al. 2010: 19].
Djeoromitxi:čɛ-tu {txetu}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 119. Polysemy: 'to burn / to set on fire'.
Proto-Jabuti:*čǝ
Voort #216 (*tʃǝ...). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. Semantics and structure: Polysemy: 'warm / to burn' is reconstructed. Apparently, the word for 'fire' is also derived from this root.
NUMBER:13
WORD:nail
Arikapu:ɲi=kǝtay {nikätay}1
Ribeiro 2008: 117; Arikapú et al. 2010: 30 (ɲĩ=kǝtay {nĩkätay}). Polysemy: 'claw / nail'. Cf. also ɲĩ=kay=ka=kǝ {nĩkaykakä} 'fingernail' [Arikapú et al. 2010: 30].
Djeoromitxi:nĩ=kǝtɛ {nĩkäte}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 93.
Proto-Jabuti:*nĩ=kǝtǝy
Voort #118 (*nĩkǝtaj). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular.
NUMBER:14
WORD:cloud
Arikapu:pi=kǝ=čiɔ {pikätxio}1
Ribeiro 2008: 132; Arikapú et al. 2010: 34. Polysemy: 'smoke / cloud'. Cf. hɐ̃tɨ {hãtü} 'cloudy' [Ribeiro 2008: 66], mɛ̃-kɔkɔ-mãw̃ {mẽ kokomãw} 'misty cloud' [Ribeiro 2008: 93], mɛ̃-nuɾɐ̃w̃ {mẽ nurãw} 'colored cloud at dawn or dusk' [Ribeiro 2008: 108]. mɛ̃ {mẽ} is translated as 'sky' in [Ribeiro 2008: 108] and as 'sky / cloud' in [Arikapú et al. 2010: 26].
Djeoromitxi:bɛ=nɔ̃-ħi {benõhi}2
Ribeiro 2008b: 43.
Proto-Jabuti:
Not reconstructible. Apparently the same root as 'smoke'. Possibly *nbɛ ~ *mɛ̃ 'sky' was used to convey this meaning, like in Ofayé (cf. also Rikbaktsá bio). Cf. Voort #182 (*mɛ(ko)), translated as 'cloud' though its direct reflexes mean only 'sky'.
NUMBER:15
WORD:cold
Arikapu:čiči {txitxi}1
Ribeiro 2008: 165; Arikapú et al. 2010: 45. Distinct from kǝpiči 'cold weather, feeling cold' [Ribeiro 2008: 86; Arikapú et al. 2010: 19].
Djeoromitxi:ǯiǯi-ɾö {djidjirü}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 54.
Proto-Jabuti:*ǯiǯi
Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular.
NUMBER:16
WORD:come
Arikapu:pɾǝy {präy}1
Ribeiro 2008: 135; Arikapú et al. 2010: 35. Polysemy: 'to arrive / to come'. Distinct from haɾu=kɔ ~ hɛɾɐ̃=kɔ {haruko ~ herãko} [Ribeiro 2008: 64, 68; Arikapú et al. 2010: 14] (centripetal; used only if the speaker is located in the place in question); nbɾɛhɛ {brehe} 'to come back' [Ribeiro 2008: 104; Arikapú et al. 2010: 28 (mɾɛ̃hɛ̃ {mrẽhẽ})]; pǝ {pä} 'to arrive, to come back where the speaker is' [Ribeiro 2008: 130; Arikapú et al. 2010: 33 ('to come home')].
Voort #262 (*prǝj). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. The reflex in Djeoromitxí is pɛ {pe} 'to arrive'. Semantics and structure: Polysemy 'to arrive / to come' is reconstructible.
NUMBER:16
WORD:come
Arikapu:
Djeoromitxi:nɛʔu=βɛnĩ {neuwenĩ}3
Ribeiro 2008b: 91.
Proto-Jabuti:
NUMBER:17
WORD:die
Arikapu:pi {pi}1
Ribeiro 2008: 131; Arikapú et al. 2010: 34. Polysemy: 'to die / to be drunk / to dry (of plants)'.
Djeoromitxi:ħaħi / =ɾaħi {hahi / rahi}3
Ribeiro 2008b: 57.
Proto-Jabuti:
Not reconstructible. *pi, *kamṼči (~ -ǯi ~ -c̢i ~ -ᶚi) and *ᶚac̢i (~ *ɾ-, ~ *-c̢ɨ ~ *-c̢ɘy ~ *-c̢oy ~ *-c̢uy) are equiprobable candidates. If Djeoromitxí p͡si {psi} 'to smash, to step' is related to Arikapú pi 'to die', *pi can be reconstructed, though its exact semantic evolution would remain obscure ('to die' > 'to die by smashing' > 'to smash'?).
NUMBER:17
WORD:die
Arikapu:kamɔči {kamotxi}2
Ribeiro 2008: 79. Polysemy: 'to die / dead / corpse'. Translated as 'dead' in [Arikapú et al. 2010: 18] (they cite kamɔ̃či {kamõtxi}).
Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages, changing its meaning to 'agouti' in Arikapú. The opposite scenario is not excluded, however. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular.
NUMBER:19
WORD:drink
Arikapu:ʔɔ {o}1
Ribeiro 2008: 124; Arikapú et al. 2010: 32. Polysemy: 'to smoke / to drink / to suck'. Distinct from ʔu {u} 'to suck / to eat fruits or porridge / to absorb' [Ribeiro 2008: 175; Arikapú et al. 2010: 48].
Distribution: Preserved only in Arikapú. The Arikapú word is tentatively compared to Rikbaktsá eburuk 'id.'. Cf. Voort #166 *karo, based on material not attested in the sources consulted by us: Arikapú kaɾɔ, Djeoromitxí kuɾö).
NUMBER:20
WORD:dry
Arikapu:ɾĩ {rĩ}2
Ribeiro 2008: 142; Arikapú et al. 2010: 37. Polysemy: 'dry / to grill meat or fish'.
Djeoromitxi:
Proto-Jabuti:
NUMBER:21
WORD:ear
Arikapu:ɲi=puaɾɔ {nipuaro}1
Ribeiro 2008: 119; Arikapú et al. 2010: 31 (ɲĩ=pwarɔ {nĩpwaro}). Distinct from ɲi=pɨ-kɔy {nipükoy} 'ear channel / to listen / to hear' [Ribeiro 2008: 118; Arikapú et al. 2010: 31 (ɲĩ=pɨ-kɔy {nĩpükoy})]. Cf. ɲĩ=puɾɛ {nĩpure} 'earring, ear' [Arikapú et al. 2010: 31] (only the meaning 'earring' is attested in [Ribeiro 2008]).
Djeoromitxi:nĩ=pi {nĩpi}2
Ribeiro 2008b: 94.
Proto-Jabuti:*nĩ=pɨ
Voort #184 (*nĩpɨ). Distribution: The root is preserved in both daughter languages (in Arikapú only in compounds); I suggest comparing it to Rikbaktsá špi 'id.'. Replacements: In Arikapú, the root for 'leaf, thorn' with a prefix usually found in the names of body parts is attested in this meaning. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular.
NUMBER:22
WORD:earth
Arikapu:mi-ka {mika}1
Ribeiro 2008: 108; Arikapú et al. 2010: 27 (mĩ-ka {mĩka}). Apparently derived from mĩ {mĩ} 'ground' [Ribeiro 2008: 109; Arikapú et al. 2010: 27].
Voort #240 (*mĩ(ka)). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. Semantics and structure: Both *mĩ and *mĩ-ka have reflexes in Arikapú ('ground' and 'earth' respectively) and Djeoromitxí ('earth' and 'dirt' respectively).
NUMBER:23
WORD:eat
Arikapu:ko {ku}1
Ribeiro 2008: 89; Arikapú et al. 2010: 21 (ku {ku} 'to eat / to bite / to chew / to smell / to drink'). Polysemy: 'to eat / to chew'. Distinct from ʔu {u} 'to suck / to eat fruits or porridge / to absorb' [Ribeiro 2008: 175; Arikapú et al. 2010: 48].
Djeoromitxi:ko {ko}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 78.
Proto-Jabuti:*ko
Voort #69, #166 (*ku 'to eat, to bite'). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. Semantics and structure: Arikapú indicates that this root meant 'to eat / to chew', as opposed to 'to eat meat'.
NUMBER:23
WORD:eat
Arikapu:po {pu}2
Ribeiro 2008: 133. In [Arikapú et al. 2010: 35] it is translated as 'to eat meat / meat / food / game'.
Djeoromitxi:ɸo {pfo}2
Ribeiro 2008b: 107.
Proto-Jabuti:*po
Voort #69 (*pu). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. Semantics and structure: Arikapú indicates that this root meant 'to eat meat', as opposed to 'to eat / to chew'.
NUMBER:24
WORD:egg
Arikapu:ɾɛ̃ {rẽ}1
Ribeiro 2008: 140; Arikapú et al. 2010: 37.
Djeoromitxi:ǯɛ {dje}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 51.
Proto-Jabuti:*ngɾɛ
Voort #188 (*.ɛ̃). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: The correspondence is unique, but apparently regular. The cluster *ngɾ is prompted by the cognates across Macro-Jê.
NUMBER:25
WORD:eye
Arikapu:hɐ̃-ka-ɾɛ {hãkare}1
Ribeiro 2008: 61; Arikapú et al. 2010: 14. Derived from hɐ̃ {hã} 'seed'.
Djeoromitxi:ħɔ̃-ka {hõka}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 65. Derived from ħɔ̃ {hõ} 'seed'.
Proto-Jabuti:*c̢ɐ̃-ka
Voort #183 (*hãka(rɛ)). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. Semantics and structure: Derived from *c̢ɐ̃ 'seed', as in Rikbaktsá.
Voort #123 (*tũ(ka)). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: The final nasal is reconstructed in order to account for the secondary nasality in Djeoromitxí. Semantics and structure: The comparison is valid if -ka {-ka} is suffixal in Arikapú.
NUMBER:27
WORD:feather
Arikapu:ka=i {kai}1
Ribeiro 2008: 76. Polysemy: 'feather / hair / a hair / plumage'. Arikapú et al. [2010: 17] translate it as 'hair / a hair / plumage' and list kuyu {kuyu} 'wing / feather' [Arikapú et al. 2010: 25], tɔ {to} 'feather' [Arikapú et al. 2010: 41], ɲĩ=kay {nĩkay} 'feather from tail' [Arikapú et al. 2010: 29] and other more specific terms.
Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are not entirely regular: Arikapú lacks the root-initial consonant present in Djeoromitxí. Semantics and structure: Polysemy: 'hair / feather' is reconstructed. In Arikapú, *kay= > ka= {ka=} 'head' was prefixed.
NUMBER:28
WORD:fire
Arikapu:pi=kǝ {pikä}1
Ribeiro 2008: 132; Arikapú et al. 2010: 34. Although the stem is not synchronically segmentable, external comparison suggests than pi= {pi=} is actually a prefix.
Djeoromitxi:pi=čɛ {pitxe}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 106. Although the stem is not synchronically segmentable, external comparison suggests than pi= {pi=} is actually a prefix.
Proto-Jabuti:*pi=čǝ
Voort #113 (*pitʃǝ). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. Semantics and structure: Although the stem is not synchronically segmentable, external comparison suggests than *pi= is actually a prefix. Apparently, the word for 'fire' is also derived from the root *čǝ 'warm / to burn'.
NUMBER:29
WORD:fish
Arikapu:minũ {minũ}1
Ribeiro 2008: 109; Arikapú et al. 2010: 27.
Djeoromitxi:minɔ̃ {minõ}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 88.
Proto-Jabuti:*mĩnũ
Voort #194 (*minũ). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Voort provides the etymology in parentheses because a similar form (manini) is attested in the unrelated Kwaza language. However, even if these forms are related, the direction of the borrowing would have been the opposite, since Rikbaktsá piknu 'id.' is very likely to be a cognate. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular.
NUMBER:30
WORD:fly
Arikapu:čɔpɔ {txopo}1
Ribeiro 2008: 169; Arikapú et al. 2010: 47. Polysemy: 'to fly / to hover'.
Djeoromitxi:ħöɸö {hüpfü}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 69. Polysemy: 'to fly / to menstruate'.
Proto-Jabuti:*ᶚɔpɔ
Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. It can be further compared to Rikbaktsá ča and pa with the same meaning (if only the root is segmentable).
NUMBER:31
WORD:foot
Arikapu:pɾay {pray}1
Ribeiro 2008: 134; Arikapú et al. 2010: 35.
Djeoromitxi:pa {pa}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 102. Distinct from ɸö {pfü} 'lower side / extremity' [Ribeiro 2008b: 107].
Proto-Jabuti:*pɾay
Voort #191 (*praj). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular.
NUMBER:32
WORD:full
Arikapu:nbǝy {bäy}1
Ribeiro 2008: 41, 42; Arikapú et al. 2010: 9. Polysemy: 'many / full / everything / all'.
Djeoromitxi:ǯɛ=b͡zi {djebzi}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 51.
Proto-Jabuti:*nbɘy
Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular.
NUMBER:33
WORD:give
Arikapu:ʔũ {ũ}1
Ribeiro 2008: 177; Arikapú et al. 2010: 48.
Djeoromitxi:ʔɔ̃ {õ}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 101.
Proto-Jabuti:*ʔũ
Voort #82 (*ũ). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular.
NUMBER:34
WORD:good
Arikapu:hawi {hawi}1
Ribeiro 2008: 67; Arikapú et al. 2010: 15 (hɐ̃wi {hãwi}).
Djeoromitxi:ħaʔi-nɛ̃ {hainẽ}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 57. The morphological segmentation is unclear.
Proto-Jabuti:*c̢aɣi #
Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are apparently regular, though the evidence supporting the reconstruction of Proto-Jabutí *ɣ is quite scarce.
Ribeiro 2008b: 75. Only the meaning 'unripe' is attested.
Proto-Jabuti:*kapɨ #
Voort #259 (*kapɨ). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. Semantics and structure: It is uncertain if the Proto-Jabutí root had the meaning 'green (of color)'. Only the meaning 'unripe' is readily reconstructible.
NUMBER:36
WORD:hair
Arikapu:ka=i {kai}1
Ribeiro 2008: 76; Arikapú et al. 2010: 17. Polysemy: 'feather / hair / a hair / plumage'. Distinct from čiɔ 'a hair' [Ribeiro 2008: 164].
Djeoromitxi:ħi ~ kɔ̃ʔã=ħi {hi ~ kõãhi}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 61, 135. Polysemy: 'hair / straw / feather'. The ambiguity is resolved when kɔ̃ʔã= {kõã=} 'head' is prefixed.
Proto-Jabuti:*c̢i ~ *ʔi
Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are not entirely regular: Arikapú lacks the root-initial consonant present in Djeoromitxí. Semantics and structure: Polysemy: 'hair / feather' is reconstructed. In Arikapú, *kay= > ka= {ka=} 'head' was prefixed.
NUMBER:37
WORD:hand
Arikapu:ɲi=kay {nikay}1
Ribeiro 2008: 116; Arikapú et al. 2010: 29 (ɲĩ=kay {nĩkay}). In the latter source, with polysemy: 'hand / finger'.
Djeoromitxi:nĩ=ħu {nĩhu}2
Ribeiro 2008b: 92.
Proto-Jabuti:
Not reconstructible. *nĩ=kay and *nĩ=c̢u are equiprobable candidates. Cf. Voort #154 (*nĩ.u), based on an erroneous comparison.
NUMBER:38
WORD:head
Arikapu:kay {kay}1
Ribeiro 2008: 76; Arikapú et al. 2010: 18.
Djeoromitxi:kɔ̃ʔã=ka {kõãka}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 79. kɔ̃ʔã= {kõã=} is also found in kɔ̃ʔã=ħi {kõãhi} 'hair on the head', and the meaning of the morpheme is definitely 'head'. However, =ka {=ka} is treated as the main morpheme here because no lexical replacement took place since the Proto-Jabutí stage.
Proto-Jabuti:*kay
Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. Semantics and structure: Polysemy: 'hair / feather' is reconstructed. In Djeoromitxí, kɔ̃ʔã= {kõã} 'head' was prefixed.
NUMBER:39
WORD:hear
Arikapu:nbǝ {bä}1
Ribeiro 2008: 40, 41; Arikapú et al. 2010: 8. Polysemy: 'to understand / to know / to learn / to feel / to listen / to hear'.
Djeoromitxi:bǝ {bä}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 41. Polysemy: 'to hear / to listen / to understand / to feel'.
Proto-Jabuti:*nbǝ
Voort #187 (*mǝ). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. Semantics and structure: Polysemy: 'to hear / to listen / to understand / to feel / to know' is reconstructible.
NUMBER:39
WORD:hear
Arikapu:ɲi=pɨ-kɔy {nipükoy}2
Ribeiro 2008: 118; Arikapú et al. 2010: 31 (ɲĩ=pɨkɔy {nĩpükoy}). Polysemy: 'ear channel / to listen / to hear'.
Djeoromitxi:
Proto-Jabuti:
NUMBER:40
WORD:heart
Arikapu:nbǝ=tɨtɨ-ka {bätütüka}1
Ribeiro 2008: 44. Arikapú et al. attest nbǝ-ka {bäka} [2010: 8] 'chest / thorax / heart'; nbǝ-ɾɛ {bäre} [2010: 9] 'guts / heart'; nbǝ-taɔ {bätao} [2010: 9] 'stomach / heart'; kunbǝ {kubä} [2010: 22] 'to think / heart'. -ka {-ka} is possibly a classifier morpheme for round objects, though it might also belong to the root.
Djeoromitxi:bǝ=tutu-ka {bätutuka}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 42. Polysemy: 'heart / a purple part of a banana bunch to which bananas are attached'. -ka {-ka} is possibly a classifier morpheme for round objects, though it might also belong to the root.
Proto-Jabuti:*nbǝ=tɨtɨ-ka ~ *nbǝ=tutu-ka
Voort #73 (*mǝ(tutu)ka). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: The vocalic correpondence is irregular. Semantics and structure: The prefix is derived from the root for 'liver'. *-ka is possibly a classifier morpheme for round objects, though it might also belong to the root.
NUMBER:41
WORD:horn
Arikapu:ɲi=pɨ=ku {nipüku}1
Ribeiro 2008: 119. Cf. ɲĩ=pɨ=kɔy=ku {nĩpükoyku} [Arikapú et al. 2010: 31]. The morphological structure of the word must be a calque from Tuparí languages (Proto-Tuparí *api=kɨp 'horn', literally 'ear=tree').
Djeoromitxi:mɛ=ku {meku}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 87. The morphological segmentation is unclear.
Proto-Jabuti:*=ku
Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. Semantics and structure: The comparison is valid if mɛ= {me=} is a prefix in Djeoromitxí. The morphological structure of the Arikapú word must be a calque from Tuparí languages (Proto-Tuparí *api=kɨp 'horn', literally 'ear=tree').
NUMBER:42
WORD:I
Arikapu:ʔi-hɛ {ihe}1
Ribeiro 2008: 72; Arikapú et al. 2010: 16.
Djeoromitxi:ħö {hü}2
Ribeiro 2008b: 68.
Proto-Jabuti:*ʔi- #
Distribution: Preserved only in Arikapú; the Arikapú root is tentatively compared to other Macro-Jê languagesʼ data.
NUMBER:43
WORD:kill
Arikapu:kɔ̃ndǝ {kõdä}1
Ribeiro 2008: 95; Arikapú et al. 2010: 23 (kɔndǝ {kodä}). More specifically, 'to shoot dead'.
Djeoromitxi:ħi {hi}3
Ribeiro 2008b: 61. Distinct from tömĩ {tümĩ} 'to hit, to kill with a strike' [Ribeiro 2008b: 118].
Proto-Jabuti:
Not reconstructible. *c̢i (~ *c̢ɨ) and *kɔndǝ are equiprobable candidates. Cf. *tɐ̃mɾɨ̃ 'to hit, to kill with a strike' (Voort #158 (*t.mr.)).
NUMBER:43
WORD:kill
Arikapu:tɐ̃nbɾɐ̃ {tãbrã}2
Ribeiro 2008: 147; Arikapú et al. 2010: 40 (tǝ̃mɾǝ̃ {tä̃mrä̃}). Polysemy: 'to hit / to strike / to run into / to kill'.
Djeoromitxi:
Proto-Jabuti:
NUMBER:44
WORD:knee
Arikapu:mɛpɛ {mepe}1
Ribeiro 2008: 107; Arikapú et al. 2010: 27 (mɛ̃pɛ {mepe}).
Djeoromitxi:pɛpɛ {pepe}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 105.
Proto-Jabuti:*pɛpɛ ~ *nbɛpɛ
Voort #139 (*mɛ̃pɛ). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: The initial consonants do not correspond regularly.
NUMBER:45
WORD:know
Arikapu:nbǝ {bä}1
Ribeiro 2008: 40, 41; Arikapú et al. 2010: 8. Polysemy: 'to understand / to know / to learn / to feel / to listen / to hear'.
Djeoromitxi:ħɔ̃nɔ̃ {hõnõ}2
Ribeiro 2008b: 66.
Proto-Jabuti:*nbǝ
Distribution: Preserved in this meaning only in Arikapú; in Djeoromitxí a separate verb is introduced. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. Semantics and structure: Polysemy: 'to hear / to listen / to understand / to feel / to know' is reconstructible. Cf. Proto-Jê *ⁿba.
NUMBER:46
WORD:leaf
Arikapu:puaɾɔ ~ kuaɾɔ {puaro ~ kuaro}1
Ribeiro 2008: 137 (puaɾɔ {puaro}). Polysemy: 'leaf / a kind of mushroom'. In [Arikapú et al. 2010: 22, 36], two separate words are registered: pwaɾɔ {pwaro} 'a kind of mushroom' and kuaɾɔ {kuaro} 'leaf'. Likely related to čaɾɔ {txaro}, but the morphological segmentation is unclear. Distinct from ɲĩ 'thorn' [Ribeiro 2008: 116], translated as 'thorn, needle, fishhook, leaf' in [Arikapú et al. 2010: 29].
Djeoromitxi:nĩ {nĩ}3
Ribeiro 2008b: 92. Polysemy: 'leaf / thorn'.
Proto-Jabuti:*nĩ
Voort #114 (*-nĩ). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. Semantics and structure: Polysemy 'thorn / leaf' is reconstructible. External comparison suggests that the meaning 'thorn' is primary'.
NUMBER:46
WORD:leaf
Arikapu:čaɾɔ ~ čuaɾɔ {txaro ~ txuaro}2
Ribeiro 2008: 160; Arikapú et al. 2010: 43, 47.
Djeoromitxi:
Proto-Jabuti:*ᶚaɾɔ ~ *ǯaɾɔ ~ *čaɾɔ
Distribution: Preserved only in Arikapú. The root is also found in Ofayé and Rikbaktsá (šaro). Arikapú puaɾɔ ~ kuaɾɔ {puaro ~ kuaro} may also be related.
NUMBER:47
WORD:lie
Arikapu:kɔ̃ɾɐ̃y {kõrãy}1
Ribeiro 2008: 92; Arikapú et al. 2010: 20 (kɔɾǝ̃y ~ kɔɾĩ {korãy ~ korĩ}). Distinct from ɾɔči {rotxi} 'to lay down' [Ribeiro 2008: 144; Arikapú et al. 2010: 38].
Djeoromitxi:ʔoɾɛ {ore}2
Ribeiro 2008b: 99.
Proto-Jabuti:
Not reconstructible. *kɔɾɐ̃y (~ *-ɾɨ̃y) and *ʔoɾɛ (~ *-ɾǝ ~ *-ɾe ~ *-ɾɨ ~ *-ɾǝy ~ *-ɾɨy ~ *-ɾɔy) are equiprobable candidates. Cf. Voort #84 (*-rãj), based on arbitrary segmentation of the data.
NUMBER:48
WORD:liver
Arikapu:nbǝ {bä}1
Ribeiro 2008: 41; Arikapú et al. 2010: 8.
Djeoromitxi:bǝ {bä}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 41.
Proto-Jabuti:*nbǝ
Voort #108 (*mǝ). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular.
Distribution: Preserved in this meaning only in Djeoromitxí; the meaning shifted to 'far' in Arikapú. Reconstruction shape: It is uncertain why Proto-Jabutí ǝ was retained after a coronal in Djeoromitxí.
NUMBER:50
WORD:louse
Arikapu:ta {ta}1
Ribeiro 2008: 148. Arikapú et al. [2010: 38] attest only ta-ɔ {tao}, which is plural.
Djeoromitxi:tɔ̃-ǯɛ {tõdje}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 116.
Proto-Jabuti:*taŋ
Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: The final nasal is reconstructed in order to account for the secondary nasality in Djeoromitxí.
NUMBER:51
WORD:man
Arikapu:ʔɔ̃nɐ̃hɛ̃ {õnãhẽ}1
Ribeiro 2008: 123; Arikapú et al. 2010: 16 (ʔɔnǝ̃hɛ {onä̃he}).
Djeoromitxi:čiʔö {txiü}2
Ribeiro 2008b: 121.
Proto-Jabuti:
Not reconstructible. *ʔɔnɐ̃c̢ɛ̃ and *čiʔɔ are equiprobable candidates.
NUMBER:52
WORD:many
Arikapu:hɛkũnbɾɐ̃ {hekũbrã}1
Ribeiro 2008: 68; Arikapú et al. 2010: 15 (hɛkumɾɐ̃ {hekumrã}).
Djeoromitxi:köʔɛ {küe}3
Ribeiro 2008b: 83.
Proto-Jabuti:
Not reconstructible. *c̢ɛkumɾɐ̃ (~ *-mɾɨ̃), *nbɘy, *kɔʔɛ (*-ʔe) are equiprobable candidates.
NUMBER:52
WORD:many
Arikapu:nbǝy {bäy}2
Ribeiro 2008: 41, 42; Arikapú et al. 2010: 9. Polysemy: 'many / full / everything / all'.
Djeoromitxi:ʔuʔič-a-tɔ̃ {uitxatõ}4
Ribeiro 2008b: 123. Likely derived from ʔuʔiči {uitxi} 'one'.
Proto-Jabuti:
NUMBER:53
WORD:meat
Arikapu:ɲi {ni}1
Ribeiro 2008: 116; Arikapú et al. 2010: 29 (ɲĩ {nĩ}). Cf. also po {pu} 'meat / food / to eat meat / game' [Arikapú et al. 2010: 35] ('to eat / edible' in [Ribeiro 2008: 133]).
Djeoromitxi:nĩ {nĩ}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 92.
Proto-Jabuti:*nĩ
Voort #49 (*nĩ). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular.
NUMBER:54
WORD:moon
Arikapu:kupa {kupa}1
Ribeiro 2008: 100, 101; Arikapú et al. 2010: 24. Polysemy: 'moon / bay or lake connected to a river with a channel'.
Djeoromitxi:kupa {kupa}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 82.
Proto-Jabuti:*kupa
Voort #147 (*kupa). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. The root is technically reconstructible to Proto-Jabutí but it might be of a Wanderword nature: cf. Tuparí koɛpˈa. Voort provides the etymology in parentheses because an allegedly similar form (pakuri) is attested in the unrelated Mekéns and Wayoró languages. However, this comparison is extremely dubious. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular.
NUMBER:55
WORD:mountain
Arikapu:kamǝ̃ {kamä̃}1
Ribeiro 2008: 78; Arikapú et al. 2010: 17.
Djeoromitxi:ʔöɾi {üri}2
Ribeiro 2008b: 125.
Proto-Jabuti:
Not reconstructible. *kamǝ̃ (~ *-mɨ̃) and *ʔɔɾi (~ *-ɾɘy ~ *-ɾoy ~ *-ɾuy) are equiprobable candidates.
NUMBER:56
WORD:mouth
Arikapu:čɐ̃-nbi=kɔ {txãbiko}1
Ribeiro 2008: 158; Arikapú et al. 2010: 42 (ča-nbi=kɔ {txabiko}). The infixless variant čakɔ {txako} is cited by Arikapú et al. [2010: 42].
Djeoromitxi:ħakö / =ɾakö {hakü / rakü}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 57.
Proto-Jabuti:*ᶚa-kɔ
Voort #25 (*tʃako). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. Semantics and structure: According to some sources, the Arikapú form presents an additional syllable in the middle of the root. Other such cases are known (see tongue, short). External comparison indicates that this root was indeed segmentable in Proto-Macro-Jê ('mouth-hole'), but it is unclear in this was the case in Proto-Jabutí.
NUMBER:57
WORD:name
Arikapu:tači {tatxi}1
Ribeiro 2008: 149; Arikapú et al. 2010: 39. In the latter source, with polysemy: 'name / to call'.
Djeoromitxi:tɔ̃ħi {tõhi}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 116.
Proto-Jabuti:*taŋc̢i
Voort #178 (*tõhĩ). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: The medial nasal is reconstructed in order to account for the secondary nasality in Djeoromitxí.
NUMBER:58
WORD:neck
Arikapu:pɔkɔ ~ kɔpɔ {poko ~ kopo}1
Ribeiro 2008: 133; Arikapú et al. 2010: 20, 34.
Djeoromitxi:köɸö {küpfü}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 84.
Proto-Jabuti:*kɔpɔ
Voort #201 (*poko). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Arikapú seems to have innovated, presenting an optional irregular metathesis. Voort holds the opposite view and assumes that the Arikapú variant pɔkɔ {poko} is due to Djeoromitxí influence.
NUMBER:59
WORD:new
Arikapu:ɾǝ=tǝy {rätäy}1
Ribeiro 2008: 141. Cf. tǝy {täy} [Arikapú et al. 2010: 40]. Distinct from kɐ̃nbu 'young' [Ribeiro 2008: 83; Arikapú et al. 2010: 17 (kanbu {kabu})].
Djeoromitxi:do=tɛ {dote}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 50. Polysemy: 'new / young / fresh'.
Proto-Jabuti:*=tǝy
Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. Semantics and structure: The morphological segmentation of the word in the daughter languages is unclear.
NUMBER:60
WORD:night
Arikapu:mi {mi}1
Ribeiro 2008: 108; Arikapú et al. 2010: 27 (mĩ {mĩ} 'nightfall, evening'). Polysemy: 'night / darkness / to grow dark'. Distinct from kǝɾɨ {kärü} 'dark / dirty / at night'. Cf. pačiu (pačio?) {patxiu} 'night, evening' [Arikapú et al. 2010: 33].
Ribeiro 2008b: 93. The morphological segmentation is unclear.
Proto-Jabuti:*nĩ=nĩ
Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. Semantics and structure: The comparison is valid if -kötɛ {-küte} is a suffix in Djeoromitxí.
NUMBER:62
WORD:not
Arikapu:tɐ̃ {tã}1
Ribeiro 2008: 146; Arikapú et al. 2010: 39 (tǝ̃ {tä̃}). Distinct from pɨ {pü} 'prohibitive' [Arikapú et al. 2010: 36].
Djeoromitxi:tɔ̃ {tõ}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 116.
Proto-Jabuti:*tɐ̃
Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely. Cf. Voort #172 (*mãj), whose reflex in Djeoromitxí is a polar negation particle.
NUMBER:62
WORD:not
Arikapu:či {txi}2
Ribeiro 2008: 162; Arikapú et al. 2010: 44.
Djeoromitxi:
Proto-Jabuti:
NUMBER:63
WORD:one
Arikapu:tɐ̃ywɛ {tãywe}1
Ribeiro 2008: 147; Arikapú et al. 2010: 40 (tǝ̃ywɛ̃ {tä̃ywẽ}).
Djeoromitxi:ʔuʔiči {uitxi}2
Ribeiro 2008b: 123.
Proto-Jabuti:
Not reconstructible. *tɐ̃ywɛ (~ *tɨ̃y-) and *ʔuʔiči (~ *-ʔɨ-) are equiprobable candidates.
NUMBER:64
WORD:person
Arikapu:čanay ~ hanay {txanay ~ hanay}1
Ribeiro 2008: 158, 159. Polysemy: 'other / person / people / relative'. Cited as čanɐ̃y / hanɐ̃y {txanãy / hanãy}'other, companion' [Arikapú et al. 2010: 14, 43].
Djeoromitxi:ħikǝbö {hikäbü}2
Ribeiro 2008b: 62.
Proto-Jabuti:
Not reconstructible. Replacements:*ᶚɔynɐ̃y 'other' (cf. Djeoromitxí ɾǝʔnɛ̃ {ränẽ} 'other' [Ribeiro 2008b: 110], Voort #186 *tʃanãj) acquired the meaning 'person' in Arikapú. *c̢ikǝbɔ (~ *c̢ɨ-, ~ *-kǝy- ~ *-kɔy-, ~ *-bɾɔ) is a likely candidate.
NUMBER:65
WORD:rain
Arikapu:nay {nay}1
Ribeiro 2008: 112; Arikapú et al. 2010: 27 (nɐ̃y {nãy}). Cf. ɾɔkɔ {roko} 'to drown, to rain' [Ribeiro 2008: 144; Arikapú et al. 2010: 38].
Djeoromitxi:nĩ-pa {nĩpa}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 94. The morphological segmentation is unclear. Cf. ħɔ̃kö ~ nɔ̃kö {hõkü ~ nõkü} 'to fall, to erode, to rain' [Ribeiro 2008b: 65].
Proto-Jabuti:*nɨ̃y
Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: The vowel correspondence is very rare but possible regular. Semantics and structure: The comparison is valid if -pa {-pa} is a suffix in Djeoromitxí.
NUMBER:66
WORD:red
Arikapu:nuɾɐ̃w {nurãw}1
Ribeiro 2008: 114; Arikapú et al. 2010: 32 (nũɾǝ̃ɔ {nũrä̃o}). Apparently distinct from pɨɾɨ {pürü} 'color of carnation, brown, red' [Ribeiro 2008: 133; Arikapú et al. 2010: 36].
Djeoromitxi:nɔ̃ɾö {nõrü}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 96.
Proto-Jabuti:*nũɾɐ̃ɔ
Voort #261 (*nũr(ǝ̃)o). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Arikapú must have undergone an irregular denasalization in the first syllable. The vowel correspondence in the second syllable is unique.
NUMBER:67
WORD:road
Arikapu:βi {wï}1
Ribeiro 2008: 26; Arikapú et al. 2010: wɪ {wï}.
Djeoromitxi:βi-kö {wikü}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 128. Derived from βi {wi} 'track'.
Proto-Jabuti:*wɪ
Voort #41 (*wɪ). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: It is unclear why [i] is registered in [Ribeiro 2008]. Otherwise the correspondences are regular. Semantics and structure: Voort suggests that the Djeoromitxí form contains the classifier -kö {-kü} 'hole', symbolizing that the roads are full of vegetation.
NUMBER:68
WORD:root
Arikapu:nǯiɾi {djiri}1
Ribeiro 2008: 54; Arikapú et al. 2010: 13.
Djeoromitxi:ɾaɾi {rari}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 110.
Proto-Jabuti:*ᶚaɾi
Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages (if the Arikapú word is indeed a reflex of the common Jabutí word). Reconstruction shape: The development of the first syllable in Arikapú remains mysterious. Semantics and structure: The word-initial alternation was probably lost in Djeoromitxí. However, it can be clearly seen in Proto-Jê *ʆaɾe / *yaɾe 'id.'.
Ribeiro 2008b: 64. 2D. Related to ħɔ̃bɛ-ka {hõbeka} 'face / forehead / cheek / fish scales'.
Proto-Jabuti:*ka
Voort #224 (*ka). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages; in Djeoromitxí the meaning was narrowed to 'round being'. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. Semantics and structure: The polysemy 'round / fruit', typical of the region, can be reconstructed (Djeoromitxí ku=ka {kuka}, literally 'tree=round').
NUMBER:69
WORD:round
Arikapu:kawɐ̃y {kawãy}2
Ribeiro 2008: 81. Polysemy: 'to rotate / around / round'.
Djeoromitxi:kaɾoɸɔ̃ {karopfõ}4
Ribeiro 2008b: 75. 3D. Possibly related to ka- {ka-}, but this is uncertain. Cf. ka {ka} 'round being' [Ribeiro 2008b: 73].
Proto-Jabuti:
NUMBER:70
WORD:sand
Arikapu:kɨkɨɾa {küküra}-1
Ribeiro 2008: 89; Arikapú et al. 2010: 25 ('sand / dirt'). Marked as a loanword, as similar roots also exist in Bororo and Panará.
Djeoromitxi:mĩ=kǝnɔ̃ɾö {mĩkänõrü}2
Ribeiro 2008b: 89. Literally 'earth=white'.
Proto-Jabuti:
Not reconstructible.
NUMBER:71
WORD:say
Arikapu:pamɔ̃ {pamõ}1
Ribeiro 2008: 126. Polysemy: 'to tell / to say / to teach / to warn / to share / to confess'. Translated as 'to tell / to teach' in [Arikapú et al. 2010: 32]. Distinct from kay 'to speak / to sing' [Ribeiro 2008: 76, 77], čaɾɔkɔ ~ haɾɔkɔ {txaroko ~ haroko} 'to speak / speech / language / story' [Ribeiro 2008: 160, 161; Arikapú et al. 2010: 161].
Djeoromitxi:ħubǝ / =ɾubǝ {hubä / =rubä}2
Ribeiro 2008b: 67. Polysemy: 'to say / to talk / to tell'. Distinct from pabö {pabü} 'to speak, to tell' [Ribeiro 2008b: 102]; ǯɛ=piɾo {djepiro} 'to speak' [Ribeiro 2008b: 106].
Proto-Jabuti:*panbɔ ~ *pamũ
Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages; in Djeoromitxí the meaning was narrowed to 'to speak / to tell'. Reconstruction shape: It is unclear why the nasalization differs between Arikapú and Djeoromitxí.
NUMBER:72
WORD:see
Arikapu:ʔaɾɐ̃ {arã}1
Ribeiro 2008: 36; Arikapú et al. 2010: 7. Polysemy: 'to see / to be able to see / to know / to look / to show'.
Djeoromitxi:ʔǝnɔ̃ {änõ}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 39. Polysemy: 'to see / to know / to visit / to read'.
Proto-Jabuti:*ʔɔyɾɐ̃
Voort #258 (*arã). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular.
Voort #231 (*hã). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular.
NUMBER:74
WORD:sit
Arikapu:nɔ̃ {nõ}1
Ribeiro 2008: 113; Arikapú et al. 2010: 31.
Djeoromitxi:ħɔ̃=na {hõna}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 66. The morphological segmentation is unclear.
Proto-Jabuti:*nṼ
Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages (if the Djeoromitxí word is indeed a reflex of the common Jabutí word). Reconstruction shape: The vowel correspondence is irregular. Semantics and structure: The comparison is valid if ħɔ̃= {hõ=} is a prefix in Djeoromitxí.
Not reconstructible. Apparently the same root as 'cloud'. *čiʔɔ (~ *ǯi- ~ *c̢i- ~ *ᶚi-) and *nɐ̃ ~ *nũ are equiprobable candidates.
NUMBER:79
WORD:stand
Arikapu:čuɛ {txue}1
Ribeiro 2008: 171; Arikapú et al. 2010: 47. Distinct from pǝ(č)a {pä(tx)a} 'to put in vertical position, to make' [Ribeiro 2008: 131; Arikapú et al. 2010: 33].
Djeoromitxi:tumĩ {tumĩ}2
Ribeiro 2008b: 117.
Proto-Jabuti:
Not reconstructible. *čuʔɛ and *tumĩ(y) (~ *kɾu-, ~ *-mɨ̃ ~ *-mũy ~ *-mɨ̃y) are equiprobable candidates.
NUMBER:80
WORD:star
Arikapu:wiɾǝ-wiɾǝ {wiräwirä}-1
Ribeiro 2008: 181; Arikapú et al. 2010: 52. Distinct from waɾǝ-waɾǝ {waräwarä} 'bright star, Venus' [Ribeiro 2008: 179; Arikapú et al. 2010: 50 ('a bright star in Crux')]. A local Wanderwort, cf. Kanoê βaɾɨβaɾɨ 'star', Aymara waɾawaɾa.
Djeoromitxi:b͡ziɾɛ-b͡ziɾɛ-1
Ribeiro 2008b: 48. A local Wanderwort, cf. Kanoê βaɾɨβaɾɨ 'star', Aymara waɾawaɾa.
Proto-Jabuti:
A local Wanderwort, cf. Kanoê βaɾɨβaɾɨ 'star', Aymara waɾawaɾa.
NUMBER:81
WORD:stone
Arikapu:kɾa {kra}1
Ribeiro 2008: 95; Arikapú et al. 2010: 21.
Djeoromitxi:ta1
Ribeiro 2008b: 112.
Proto-Jabuti:*kɾa
Voort #192 (*ka). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular.
NUMBER:82
WORD:sun
Arikapu:tǝha {täha}1
Ribeiro 2008: 150; Arikapú et al. 2010: 39 (tǝhɐ̃ {tähã} 'sun / summer'). Polysemy: 'sun / year / month'.
Djeoromitxi:tɔ̃ħɔ̃ {tõhõ}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 116.
Proto-Jabuti:*tǝc̢a ~ *tɐ̃c̢ɐ̃
Voort #234 (*tõhã). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: The vowel correspondences are irregular.
NUMBER:83
WORD:swim
Arikapu:nbi=ʔɨ=pɾi {biüpri}1
Ribeiro 2008: 45. Literally 'to go through water'. Arikapú et al. [2010: 35] attest just pɾi {pri}. Distinct from ʔɨ=kɔču {ükotxu} 'to swim (of animals), to row' [Ribeiro 2008: 74].
Djeoromitxi:b͡zi=ɾu=ʔi=wa {bziruiwa}2
Ribeiro 2008b: 49. Literally 'river=take'.
Proto-Jabuti:
Not reconstructible. Apparently there was no separate root, as is common across Macro-Jê; the meaning was likely to be conveyed using the words for 'water' and 'to go'.
NUMBER:84
WORD:tail
Arikapu:ɲi=wiɔ {niwio}1
Ribeiro 2008: 119; Arikapú et al. 2010: 31 (ɲĩ=wiɔ {nĩwio}). Cf. ɲĩ=tǝy {nĩtäy} 'tail' [Arikapú et al. 2010: 31].
Djeoromitxi:ʔo {o}2
Ribeiro 2008b: 98.
Proto-Jabuti:*ʔo
Distribution: Preserved only in Djeoromitxí; the word is tentatively compared to Rikbaktsá a 'id'.
NUMBER:85
WORD:that
Arikapu:nbuɛ-hɐ̃ {buehã}1
Ribeiro 2008: 49; Arikapú et al. 2010: 12 (bwɛ(-hɐ̃) {bwe(hã)}). Denotes something far away.
Djeoromitxi:bupɛ {bupe}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 46. Denotes something far away.
Proto-Jabuti:*nbu-
Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences of the first syllable are completely regular. The second syllables do not match but they are likely to be suffixal. Semantics and structure: The reconstructed root is for distal deixis. The root for medial deixis might have been present as well but it is not reconstructible.
NUMBER:85
WORD:that
Arikapu:nǯi-hɐ̃ {djihã}2
Ribeiro 2008: 54. Denotes something close to the listener. Cf. nǯi-hɐ̃-čɛ {djihãtxe} [Arikapú et al. 2010: 13].
Djeoromitxi:nɛβi {newi}3
Ribeiro 2008b: 91. Denotes something close to the listener.
Proto-Jabuti:
NUMBER:86
WORD:this
Arikapu:ʔay-hɐ̃ {ayhã}1
Ribeiro 2008: 35; Arikapú et al. 2010: 7 (ʔɐ̃y-hɐ̃ {ãyhã}).
Djeoromitxi:nɛβɛ ~ nɛʔu {newe ~ neu}2
Ribeiro 2008b: 91.
Proto-Jabuti:
Not reconstructible. *ʔay- ~ *ʔɔy- and *nɛ̃- ~ *nɐ̃y- are equiprobable candidates.
NUMBER:87
WORD:thou
Arikapu:ʔa-hɛ {ahe}1
Ribeiro 2008: 35; Arikapú et al. 2010: 7.
Djeoromitxi:ʔa-ǯɛ {adje}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 37.
Proto-Jabuti:*ʔa-
Voort #264 (*a). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular.
NUMBER:88
WORD:tongue
Arikapu:ndu-ku=tǝ-ɾɛ {dukutäre}1
Ribeiro 2008: 53; Arikapú et al. 2010: 13.
Djeoromitxi:nɔ̃tɛ {nõte}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 96.
Proto-Jabuti:*nũtǝ
Voort #145 (*nu(ku)tǝ(rɛ)). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: The Arikapú word has been influenced by nduku {duku} 'mouth and lips', acquiring a classifier suffix for worm-like objects. External data correspond perfectly well to the Djeoromitxí form, cf. Proto-Jê *ɲũytʌ.
Voort #85 (*tʃo). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. Semantics and structure: The comparison is valid if -kɾĩ(h)ɐ̃ {-krĩ(h)ã} is a suffix in Arikapú.
NUMBER:90
WORD:tree
Arikapu:ku {ku}1
Ribeiro 2008: 97; Arikapú et al. 2010: 21. Polysemy: 'tree / wood / big knife / machete / long sword'.
Djeoromitxi:ku {ku}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 80.
Proto-Jabuti:*ku
Voort #14 (*ku). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular.
NUMBER:91
WORD:two
Arikapu:hɛɾi {heri}1
Ribeiro 2008: 69; Arikapú et al. 2010: 16. Note the similarity to Tuparí hʉɾˈʉ 'two, pair'.
Djeoromitxi:ǯɛbo {djebo}2
Ribeiro 2008b: 51.
Proto-Jabuti:*ngɾɛnbo ~ *ngɾenbo #
Distribution: Preserved only in Djeoromitxí; the word is tentatively compared to Krenák ngɾimbo 'id'.
NUMBER:92
WORD:go
Arikapu:pɾi {pri}1
Ribeiro 2008: 135. Distinct from hɛɾɐ̃=mũ {herãmũ} [Ribeiro 2008: 69] (centrifugal). In [Arikapú et al. 2010: 35] it is translated as 'to swim / to follow / to catch / to receive'. Cf. hǝ̃ {hä̃} 'to go, to want to go' [Arikapú et al. 2010: 15], kǝɾǝy {käräy} 'to walk' [Ribeiro 2008: 86].
Djeoromitxi:mɛnĩ {menĩ}2
Ribeiro 2008b: 87. Distinct from kɔ̃ {kõ} 'to go away' [Ribeiro 2008b: 79], dudu {dudu} 'to walk' [Ribeiro 2008b: 50].
Proto-Jabuti:
Not reconstructible. *pɾi ~ *pɾe, *ɾi (~ *ɾɘy ~ *ɾoy ~ *ɾuy) and *mɛ̃nĩ (~ *mɐ̃y-, ~ *-ɾ-, ~ *-ɨ̃ ~ *-ũy ~ *-ɨ̃y) are equiprobable candidates. Cf. *kɐ̃ 'to go away / to end / to stop' (Voort #163). We were unable to identify the Djeoromitxí form used to reconstruct *kǝrɛj 'to walk' (Voort #11).
NUMBER:92
WORD:go
Arikapu:
Djeoromitxi:ɾi {ri}3
Ribeiro 2008b: 110.
Proto-Jabuti:
NUMBER:93
WORD:warm
Arikapu:kǝ {kä}1
Ribeiro 2008: 84; Arikapú et al. 2010: 19. Polysemy: 'warm / to burn'.
Djeoromitxi:hǝtɛ-ɾö / =ɾǝtɛ-ɾö {häterü / räterü}2
Ribeiro 2008b: 59.
Proto-Jabuti:*čǝ
Voort #218 (*tʃǝ...). Distribution: Preserved in this meaning only in Arikapú, narrowing its meaning to 'to cook' in Djeoromitxí. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. Semantics and structure: Polysemy: 'warm / to burn' is reconstructed. Apparently, the word for 'fire' is also derived from this root.
Ribeiro 2008b: 49. The morphological segmentation is unclear. Distinct from ʔi {i} 'liquid' [Ribeiro 2008b: 70].
Proto-Jabuti:*nbi
Voort #5 (*miru). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. Semantics and structure: The comparison is valid if -ɾu {-ru} is a suffix in Djeoromitxí. A distinct root *ʔɨ 'liquid / classifier for liquids' can also be reconstructed (Voort #6 *ɨ).
NUMBER:95
WORD:we
Arikapu:či-hɛ {txihe}1
Ribeiro 2008: 163; Arikapú et al. 2010: 45.
Djeoromitxi:ħi {hi}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 61.
Proto-Jabuti:*c̢i
Voort #179 (*hi-). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular.
NUMBER:96
WORD:what
Arikapu:hɛw-hɐ̃ {hewhã}1
Ribeiro 2008: 70; Arikapú et al. 2010: 16 (hɛ̃w̃hɐ̃ {hẽwhã}).
Djeoromitxi:ħači {hatxi}2
Ribeiro 2008b: 58.
Proto-Jabuti:
Not reconstructible. *c̢ɛɔ and *c̢ači ~ *c̢ayči are equiprobable candidates.
NUMBER:97
WORD:white
Arikapu:mɐ̃w {mãw}1
Ribeiro 2008: 106; Arikapú et al. 2010: 26 (mɐ̃ɔ {mão}). Distinct from tǝytǝy {täytäy} 'clean / white (of skin)' [Ribeiro 2008: 151].
Djeoromitxi:kǝnɔ̃ɾö {känõrü}2
Ribeiro 2008b: 77.
Proto-Jabuti:
Not reconstructible. *mɐ̃ɔ and *kǝnũɾɐ̃ɔ are equiprobable candidates.
NUMBER:98
WORD:who
Arikapu:hɛw-hɐ̃ {hewhã}1
Ribeiro 2008: 70.
Djeoromitxi:ħöʔa {hüa}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 68.
Proto-Jabuti:*c̢ɛɔ-
Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are somewhat irregular.
NUMBER:99
WORD:woman
Arikapu:pako-ɛ {pakue}1
Ribeiro 2008: 126; Arikapú et al. 2010: 32. Derived from pako {paku} 'younger sister' [Ribeiro 2008: 125; Arikapú et al. 2010: 32].
Djeoromitxi:pako {pako}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 103.
Proto-Jabuti:*pako
Voort #179 (*paku). Distribution: The root is preserved in all daughter languages. The suffixless root shifted it meaning to 'younger sister' in Arikapú. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular.
NUMBER:100
WORD:yellow
Arikapu:ndũnbu-ɔ {dũbuo}1
Ribeiro 2008: 53. Derived from ndũnbu {dũbu} 'pale, yellow'. Arikapú et al. [2010: 12] attest ndunbu {dubu} 'yellow' and ndunbu-ɔ {dubuo} 'blue, green'.
Djeoromitxi:
Not attested. Voort [159] cites b͡zidu {bzidu}; it is uncertain to what extent the material cited there is credible.
Proto-Jabuti:
Not reconstructible. *ndunbu is a likely candidate.
NUMBER:101
WORD:far
Arikapu:tǝɾǝy {täräy}1
Ribeiro 2008: 153; Arikapú et al. 2010: 40.
Djeoromitxi:kötǝ {kütä}2
Ribeiro 2008b: 85.
Proto-Jabuti:
Not reconstructible. *kɔkɾǝ (~ *-ǝy ~ *-ɔy), *nbɛpɔ (~ *nbe-) are equiprobable candidates. Replacements: The Arikapú word is cognate to Djeoromitxí tǝɾi 'long'; most probably, Proto-Jabutí *tǝɾɘy actually meant 'long'.
NUMBER:101
WORD:far
Arikapu:
Djeoromitxi:bɛɸö {bepfü}3
Ribeiro 2008b: 43. Translated as a postposition, but found as an adverb in examples in [Ribeiro 2008b: 41, 82, 90].
Proto-Jabuti:
NUMBER:102
WORD:heavy
Arikapu:komǝ̃ {kumä̃}1
Ribeiro 2008: 90, 91; Arikapú et al. 2010: 23.
Djeoromitxi:kumi {kumi}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 81.
Proto-Jabuti:*komɨ̃ ~ *kumɨ̃
Voort #200 (*kumɨ̃). Distribution: The root is preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: The vowel correspondence in the first syllable is slightly irregular. The denasalization in Djeoromitxí is unexpected.
NUMBER:103
WORD:near
Arikapu:ɾɛɾi {reri}1
Ribeiro 2008: 141. Polysemy: 'near / close to / neighbor'.
Djeoromitxi:kaɸöčɛ {kapfütxe} #3
Ribeiro 2008b: 75.
Proto-Jabuti:*ɾɛɾi
Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular.
NUMBER:103
WORD:near
Arikapu:kɔkĩ {kokĩ}2
Ribeiro 2008: 93.
Djeoromitxi:ħɛɾi / =ɾɛɾi {heri / reri} #1
Ribeiro 2008b: 60.
Proto-Jabuti:
NUMBER:104
WORD:salt
Arikapu:kukǝ-ɲi {kukäni}1
Ribeiro 2008: 98; Arikapú et al. 2010: 23 (kukǝ-ɲĩ {kukänĩ}). kukǝ {kukä} is a bract of an aroid plant used to produce salt.
Djeoromitxi:kukǝ-nĩ {kukänĩ}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 80.
Proto-Jabuti:*kukǝ-nĩ
Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. Semantics and structure: The word is a compound: *kukǝ is a bract of an aroid plant used to produce salt, *-ɲĩ is a classifier for thorns and leaves.
NUMBER:105
WORD:short
Arikapu:ɾɔ-tɐ̃ {rotã}1
Ribeiro 2008: 144. Technically a negation of ɾɔ {ro} 'to grow'.
Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: The Arikapú form presents an additional syllable in the middle of the root. Other such cases are known (see mouth, tongue). It is uncertain why Proto-Jabutí ǝ was retained after a coronal in Djeoromitxí. Semantics and structure: Polysemy: 'short (of length) / short (of height)' is reconstructible.
Ribeiro 2008: 104; Arikapú et al. 2010: 28 (mɾɐ̃y {mrãy}).
Djeoromitxi:mɛ̃ {mẽ}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 87.
Proto-Jabuti:*mɾɐ̃y
Voort #66 (*mrãj). Distribution: The root is preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular.
NUMBER:107
WORD:thin
Arikapu:kǝbitǝ {käbitä}1
Ribeiro 2008: 84. Polysemy: 'shallow / thin (2D)'. The absence of prenasalization is unclear. Distinct from kɐ̃yɾɛ {kãyre} 'thin (of people)' [Ribeiro 2008: 77].
Djeoromitxi:kǝb͡zitǝ {käbzitä}1
Ribeiro 2008b: 76. 2D. Polysemy: 'thin (2D) / narrow'. The word for 'thin (1D)' is not attested.
Proto-Jabuti:*kǝbi-tǝ
Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: It is uncertain why Proto-Jabutí ǝ was retained after a coronal in Djeoromitxí.
NUMBER:108
WORD:wind
Arikapu:ʔučičiɔ {utxitxio}1
Ribeiro 2008: 175. Translated as 'storm' in [Arikapú et al. 2010: 49].
Djeoromitxi:ʔo ~ ʔoʔo {o ~ oo}2
Ribeiro 2008b: 98.
Proto-Jabuti:
Not reconstructible. *ʔučičiʔɔ (~ *-ǯi- ~ *-c̢i- ~ *-ᶚi-), *ʔo are likely candidates.
NUMBER:109
WORD:worm
Arikapu:kɾahɨ {krahü}1
Ribeiro 2008: 96; Arikapú et al. 2010: 18 (kaɾahɨ {karahü}). Distinct from nduɾuču {durutxu} 'worm (generic) / rainbow' [Ribeiro 2008: 53, Arikapú et al. 2010: 13 ('snake, worm')], čonɔ̃ {txunõ} 'a reddish earthworm, approximately 15 to 20 cm in length, usually found on river banks' [Ribeiro 2008: 167].
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