Seiler & Hioki 2006: 225. Polysemy: 'all / all over'. Variant: ʔˈumu. Distributive: ʔˈuʔmun. The word means both 'all = totus' and 'all = omnis', cf. the following examples: ʔˈumun tˈaxliswetem 'all the people' [ibid.], ʔˈumun kˈelawat kˈiβluqa tˈamiβa 'all trees are stripped in winter' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 81], neʔˈuːya ʔˈumun tˈatalʔi 'my olla is all smashed' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 196].
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 177. Polysemy: 'bark / skin (of animals) / shell (of eggs, etc.)'. Word class: noun. Plural: sˈaβa-l-em. Construct: =sˈaβʔa. Alternative candidates: tˈača-l 'the bark of tree' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 194], tˈašʔa 'bark (of tree)' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 199] (a construct state of tˈača-l?).
NUMBER:4
WORD:belly
Cahuilla:tˈiʔi-ʎ1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 217. Polysemy: 'belly / stomach / waist'. Word class: noun. Construct: =tˈiʔi. Cited as tˈeʔi-ʎ in the English-Cahuilla section of the dictionary [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 260].
NUMBER:5
WORD:big
Cahuilla:ʔˈamna-wet1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 15. Glossed as 'big one / large one'. Word class: noun. Can be used as an attribute, cf. kˈiš ʔˈamna-wet 'Big House (ceremonial)'.
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 77. Word class: transitive verb.
NUMBER:8
WORD:black
Cahuilla:tˈul-nek1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 220. Word class: adjective. Derived from tˈuʎ 'coal' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 221].
NUMBER:9
WORD:blood
Cahuilla:ʔˈew-iʎ1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 43. Word class: noun. Construct: =ʔˈew.
NUMBER:10
WORD:bone
Cahuilla:tˈeʔi-ʎ1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 216. Polysemy: 'bone / bones for playing'. Word class: noun. Construct: =tˈeʔi.
NUMBER:11
WORD:breast
Cahuilla:=taw1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 200. Meaning glossed as 'chest, breast'. Word class: noun (construct only). Distinct from =pi-ʎ (3 sg. hˈe=pi-ʎ, construct =pi) 'breast' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 152]. Examples in the dictionary prove that =pi-ʎ means specifically 'female breast'.
NUMBER:12
WORD:burn tr.
Cahuilla:=čˈut- #1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 37. Polysemy: 'to burn / to brand (e.g., animals)'. Word class: transitive verb. Alternative candidate: =kˈina-ne- 'to burn' (causative of intransitive verb =kˈina- 'to burn / to burn down') [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 79]. Cf. also =nˈaʔ- 'to catch fire / to burn (object, fire)' (intransitive verb) [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 125].
NUMBER:13
WORD:claw(nail)
Cahuilla:sˈalu-l1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 175. Glossed as 'fingernail'. Word class: noun. Construct: =sˈalʔu.
NUMBER:14
WORD:cloud
Cahuilla:wˈewn-iš1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 238. Polysemy: 'rain / clouds'. Word class: noun. Derived from the verb =wˈewen- 'to rain (intransitive) / to rain on somebody (transitive)' (see 'rain').
NUMBER:15
WORD:cold
Cahuilla:yˈuy-ma1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 257. Polysemy: 'cold / cool' (the weather, water, etc.). Derived from the verb =yˈuy- 'to snow (intransitive) / to snow on somebody (transitive)' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 256]. Cf. also =če=tˈaxal- 'to feel cold / to be cold' (intransitive verb) [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 202], =yučˈiwi- 'to be cold / to feel cold' (intransitive verb) [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 253].
NUMBER:16
WORD:come
Cahuilla:=nˈek-en1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 126. Word class: intransitive verb. Allomorphs: =nˈek-en with suffixes [+realized], =mˈenβax- with suffixes [-realized], nˈaβuk imperative.
NUMBER:17
WORD:die
Cahuilla:=mˈuk-1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 112. Polysemy: 'to get sick, weak (with durative suffix) / to die (with suffixes [+realized])'. Word class: intransitive verb (singular subject suppletive stem). Plural subject suppletive stem: =čˈex-. Secondary synonym: =čˈuma-law- 'to run out / to be gone / to die' (derived from =čˈumi- 'to finish (intr.)') [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 35].
NUMBER:18
WORD:dog
Cahuilla:ʔˈawal1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 18. Word class: noun. Plural: ʔˈaʔwal-em. Construct state formed with classifier: =ʔaš ʔˈawal.
NUMBER:19
WORD:drink
Cahuilla:=pˈa-1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 137. Word class: intransitive and transitive verb. Related to pˈa-l 'water / river' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 139].
NUMBER:20
WORD:dry
Cahuilla:wˈax-iš1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 233. Glossed as 'that which is dry'. Word class: noun. Derived from the intransitive verb =wˈax- 'to become dry' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 232].
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 91. Word class: transitive verb. Cahuilla distinguishes between transitive and intransitive verbs for 'to eat'. We list both verbs as synonyms.
NUMBER:23
WORD:eat
Cahuilla:=wˈayiki-2
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 234. Polysemy: 'to eat / to take a meal'. Word class: intransitive verb.
NUMBER:24
WORD:egg
Cahuilla:wˈeːβuʔ-1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 237. Word class: noun. Plural: wˈeːβu-m ~ wˈeːβu-ʔum. Borrowed from Spanish huevo 'egg'.
NUMBER:25
WORD:eye
Cahuilla:pˈuč-iʎ1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 157. Polysemy: 'eye / face / seed'. Word class: noun. Construct: =pˈuš.
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 55-56. Polysemy: 'to fly / to jump / to kick / to bark'. The meaning 'to bark' is peculiar to Mountain Cahuilla dialect. Word class: intransitive verb. Secondary synonyms: =pe=ʔˈewi- 'to fly, to run with wavelike motion' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 43], =wˈaye- 'to flap (of wings in flying, of arms in swimming), to fly' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 234] (see 'to swim').
Not attested properly. Cf. adjective mˈača-ma 'crowded, full (of place, house, etc.)' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 99], intransitive verb =mˈuye- 'to flow out / to fill up' (of water, fog, smoke) [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 117], intransitive verb =tˈemi- 'to fill (of solids) / to crowd in' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 208].
NUMBER:33
WORD:give
Cahuilla:=mˈax-1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 103. Glossed as 'to give (money, clothes)'. Word class: intransitive verb (object prefix refers to indirect object). Distinct from =ʔˈekamax- 'to give somebody (food, drinks)' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 39]. Cf. the following examples: pˈaʔli ne=mˈax-qa piš newelˈawalipi 'he gives me water to irrigate' vs. pˈaʔli ne=ʔˈekamax-qa 'he gives me water to drink' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 103].
NUMBER:34
WORD:good
Cahuilla:ʔˈača-ʔe1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 13. Polysemy: 'good / fine'. Word class: adjective. Plural: ʔˈaʔča-am. Also functions as an adverb: 'well / very'.
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 164. Polysemy: 'to be (of objects) / to be lying down (of animate beings - refers to the mere existence of an animate being)'. Word class: intransitive verb. Used with singular subject. Suppletive stem with plural subject or collective noun: =wˈen-. Seiler & Hioki also list the intransitive verb =mˈax- with the following gloss: 'to be, to stay, cf. =hˈiw- / to lie down, cf. =qˈal-' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 103]. In the meaning 'to be, to stay' =mˈax- is a suppletive stem used with plural subject and suffixes [-realized] [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 56]. Cahuilla also has a set of verbs for lying in different positions: =čˈaka- 'to lie sideways / to incline sideways (of the new moon)' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 22], =kˈaβaqi- 'to lie on one's side / to lean sideways (of trees, etc.)' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 71], =pˈeti- 'to lie down stretching (of a long large object)' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 150], =tˈača- 'to lie down on the back / to lie down flat' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 194], =tˈumkaw- 'to lie down on belly, with face down' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 222].
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 107. Polysemy: 'many / much (for the uncountable nouns)'. Word class: adjective. Plural: mˈete-čem. Related to mˈete-n 'much' (adverb).
NUMBER:53
WORD:meat
Cahuilla:wˈaʔ-iš1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 235. Word class: noun. A Mountain Cahuilla dialect word (Desert Cahuilla has Spanish loanword kˈaːrne 'meat'). Derived from the transitive verb =wˈaʔ- 'to roast (as meat)' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 234]. Distinct from =tˈukʔu 'flesh' (construct only) [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 220].
NUMBER:54
WORD:moon
Cahuilla:mˈeniʎ1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 107. Polysemy: 'the moon / month'. Word class: noun.
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 219. Word class: noun. Related to the intransitive verb =tˈuk- 'to go to bed / to stay overnight'. Alternative candidate: mˈaβi-š 'evening / night' (noun; derived from the intransitive verb =mˈaβi- 'to get dark / to become night/evening') [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 102]. Cf. the following example: tˈamiʔti tˈukmaːti 'day and night' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 197].
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 79. Word class: proclitic particle.
NUMBER:63
WORD:one
Cahuilla:sˈupʎi ~ sˈupʎe1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 192. Related to sˈupul (pl. sˈupul-em) 'other'.
NUMBER:64
WORD:person
Cahuilla:tˈax-lis-wet1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 203. Polysemy: 'person / Cahuilla Indian'. Word class: noun. Plural: tˈax-lis-wet-em. Variants: tˈaxlist- ~ tˈaxst- (plural). Related to tax- 'oneself (reflexive pronoun) / each other (reciprocal pronoun)', tˈaxat 'he, that guy (used by men as an intensifier) / brave man' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 202].
NUMBER:65
WORD:rain
Cahuilla:wˈewn-iš1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 238. Polysemy: 'rain / clouds'. Word class: noun. Derived from the verb =wˈewen- 'to rain (intransitive) / to rain on somebody (transitive)'. The latter verb developed out of =wˈewen- 'to stand up / to stop (walking, working) / to stand still' [ibid.] under the semantic influence of Yuman languages, cf. Jamul Tiipay p=ʔaw 'to stand / step / (for rain) to fall' (this polysemy existed already in Proto-Yuman).
NUMBER:66
WORD:red
Cahuilla:sˈel-nek-iš1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 180. Polysemy: 'red / penny'. Word class: adjective. Plural: sˈel-nek-ič-em. Variants: sˈelek-iš (predicative), sˈetlek (emphatic). Related to sel-, first member of compounds with the meaning 'reddish, pink' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 179].
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 158. Word class: noun. According to Seiler & Hioki [ibid.], probably a construct form of an unattested *pˈuku-ʔut. Derived from the intransitive verb =pˈuku- 'to root (trees)'.
NUMBER:69
WORD:round (3D)1
Cahuilla:pumli=pˈumliʔ-wet1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 160. Glossed as 'round one'. Word class: noun. Derived from the intransitive verb =pˈumle- 'to be round (spherical)'. Cf. also če=pˈumu-qe- 'to become round (like a ball)' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 160-161].
NUMBER:69
WORD:round (2D)2
Cahuilla:tuyβa=tˈuyβaʔ-wet2
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 224. Glossed as 'round one'. Word class: noun. Derived from the intransitive verb =tˈuyβa- 'to be circular, round (of a flat object, hole, etc.)'. Can be used as an attribute, cf. mˈeniʎ tuyβatˈuyβaʔwet 'full moon'.
NUMBER:70
WORD:sand
Cahuilla:ŋˈači-š1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 131. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:71
WORD:say
Cahuilla:yˈax- ~ =yax-1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 250. Polysemy: 'to be so / to say'. Word class: intransitive verb. Variant: =ya- (Mountain Cahuilla dialect). "Unstressed verb root" with stress placement on the personal prefix. Distinct from =kˈutaš- 'to talk / speak' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 87].
NUMBER:72
WORD:see
Cahuilla:=tˈeːw-1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 213-214. Polysemy: 'to see / to look at / to watch'. Word class: transitive verb. Allomorphs: tˈeː (singular imperative), =tehw- (before vowel).
NUMBER:73
WORD:seed
Cahuilla:pˈuč-iʎ #1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 157. Polysemy: 'eye / face / seed'. Word class: noun. Construct: =pˈuš. Alternative candidate: qˈaxʔa 'seed' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 169]. According to [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 157], pˈuč-iʎ in the meaning 'seed' is used only in the absolutive form. This is contradicted by the construct form hˈe=puš in the following example: penqˈeqpaxʔi sandˈiya hˈepuš mˈetewet 'I spat out many seeds of the watermelon' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 171].
NUMBER:74
WORD:sit
Cahuilla:=čˈiʔa-1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 34. Polysemy: 'to sit (e.g. on a chair) / to sit upright (on the ground)'. Word class: intransitive verb. Distinct from =ɲˈaš- (=nˈaš- in Mountain Cahuilla dialect) 'to sit down / to settle down (to live or to camp) / to set in (a new moon, a young fruit as pumpkin)' (intransitive), 'to set for something/somebody (to watch)' (transitive) [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 130]. Cf. also suppletive verb =hˈiw- (with singular subject), =qˈal- (with plural subject), =mˈax- (with plural subject and suffixes [-realized]) 'to sit upright / to live / to stay' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 56].
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 85. Word class: intransitive verb.
NUMBER:77
WORD:small
Cahuilla:ʔˈiniš-iʎ1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 65. Glossed as 'small one'. Word class: noun. Plural: ʔˈiniš-iʎ-em. Can be used as an attribute, cf. wˈikikmal ʔˈinišiʎ 'small bird' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 229].
NUMBER:78
WORD:smoke
Cahuilla:mˈiʔ-at1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 112. Word class: noun. Derived from the intransitive verb =mˈiʔ- 'to emit smoke (in burning)'.
NUMBER:79
WORD:stand
Cahuilla:=hˈiwen-1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 57. Polysemy: 'to be standing / to be (of live plants)'. Word class: intransitive verb. Never occurs with verbal derivative suffixes. Distinct from =wˈewen- 'to stand up / to stop (walking, working) / to stand still' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 238].
NUMBER:80
WORD:star
Cahuilla:sˈuʔ-we-t1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 194. Word class: noun. Plural: sˈuʔ-we-t-em.
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 197-198. Polysemy: 'the sun / day / time'. Word class: noun. Allomorph tam- is used as first member of compounds. The form tˈamit belongs to the Mountain Cahuilla dialect, its Desert Cahuilla equivalent is tˈamyat.
NUMBER:83
WORD:swim
Cahuilla:=wˈaye- #1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 234. Glossed as 'to flap (of wings in flying, of arms in swimming) / to fly'. Word class: intransitive verb. Example: pˈaŋa wˈaye-qal 'he is swimming' (literally 'in the water he is flapping'). We suppose that =wˈaye- is the basic Cahuilla verb for 'to swim', because 1) it is cognate with the basic verbs for 'to swim' in closely related Takic languages Cupeño and Luiseño, 2) no other verb with the meaning 'to swim' is attested in [Seiler & Hioki 2006].
NUMBER:84
WORD:tail
Cahuilla:=kʷas1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 90. Glossed as 'tail (of birds, animals)'. Word class: noun (construct only).
NUMBER:85
WORD:that
Cahuilla:pˈeʔ1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 151. Glossed as 'he, she, it (pointing to something remote from the speaker); also relativizer'. Word class: demonstrative and relative pronoun.
NUMBER:86
WORD:this
Cahuilla:ʔˈiʔ1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 68. Glossed as 'this (used to indicate a person, thing, idea, state, event as present, proximate)'. Word class: demonstrative pronoun. Morphophonemic variant: ʔˈiβʔi. Plural: ʔˈiβi-m.
NUMBER:87
WORD:thou
Cahuilla:ʔˈet1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 42. Glossed as 'you / he / it'. 2nd/3rd person singular pronoun. Morphophonemic variant: ʔˈeβat.
NUMBER:88
WORD:tongue
Cahuilla:hˈe=naŋ-iʎ1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 121. Word class: noun. Construct: =naŋ.
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 75. Polysemy: 'wood / woods / tree'. Word class: noun. Construct: =kˈelaw-ʔa. Derived from =kˈelaw- 'to gather wood' (intransitive and transitive verb).
NUMBER:91
WORD:two
Cahuilla:wˈih1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 241. Word class: quantifier.
NUMBER:92
WORD:walk (go)
Cahuilla:=hˈiči-1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 54-55. Glossed as 'to go (on foot, on horseback, on a vehicle)'. Word class: intransitive verb. Distinct from =nˈem- 'to walk around' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 126].
NUMBER:93
WORD:warm (hot)
Cahuilla:sˈiw-ma1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 187. Glossed as 'hot'. Word class: adjective. Derived from the intransitive verb =sˈiw- 'to become hot / to have fever (with =tˈaxaw 'body' as subject)'. Cf. also the noun sˈiw-iš 'heat / fever' (can be used as an attribute: pˌal sˈiw-iš 'hot water'). Distinct from tˈiŋ-iš 'warm' (noun), tˈiŋ-ma 'warm' (adjective) [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 216] and tˈiw-ma 'warm' (adjective) [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 217].
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 211. Polysemy: 'yellow / brown'. Word class: adjective. Plural: tˈes-nek-č-em ~ tˈetes-nek-č-em. Related to tˈesel 'yellow clay (used for pottery, for painting faces)' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 210], tˈesnat 'clay for pottery or painting / pot / olla' [ibid.].
NUMBER:101
WORD:far
Cahuilla:pˈepiy1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 149. Derived forms: pˈepiy-ika 'toward the far distance', pˈepi-ŋa 'far, in the far place', pˈepi-ŋa-x 'from far'. Secondary synonym: hˈaka-n 'far away, with a distance', derived from =hˈaka- 'to be roomy (house, etc.) / to have openings / to be open (store, etc.)' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 45].
NUMBER:102
WORD:heavy
Cahuilla:pˈele-ma1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 147. Word class: adjective. Secondary synonym: čˈiki-ma ~ čˈikiʔ-ma 'thick and heavy (wood, coat, etc.)' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 32].
NUMBER:103
WORD:near
Cahuilla:sˈunči #1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 191.Polysemy: 'close / near'. Word class: adverb. Alternative candidate: mˈa-ŋa-x 'on the side of / by the side of / near' (adverb; literally 'from the hand of', construct: =mˈa-ŋa-x) [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 101].
NUMBER:104
WORD:salt
Cahuilla:ʔˈiŋ-iʎ1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 65. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:105
WORD:short
Cahuilla:
Not attested properly. Cf. the following verbs: =tˈuqi- 'to be short (of clothes, a tail, etc.)' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 223], =muti- 'to be short (of person, body part) / to be cut short (of clothes)' (Mountain Cahuilla dialect) [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 116], =tˈepi- 'to be short (clothes)' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 209].
NUMBER:106
WORD:snake
Cahuilla:sˈewet #1
Seiler & Hioki 2006: 183. Glossed as 'rattlesnake'. Word class: noun. Plural: sˈewt-am. There is no general term for 'snake' in the dictionary, but in many illustrative sentences sˈewet is translated simply as 'snake' [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 25, 53, 88, 253]. The other term for 'rattlesnake', mˈesaʔa [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 107], does not occur in illustrative sentences.
NUMBER:107
WORD:thin
Cahuilla:
Not attested. Cf. the verbs =yˈawi- 'to get skinny, thin' (Desert Cahuilla dialect), =ʔˈika- 'id.' (Mountain Cahuilla dialect) [Seiler & Hioki 2006: 249].