Comments:KW 228, Poppe 18, 65. Cf. *kasa. The Turkic form points rather to *k`-; if the TM forms are borrowed from Mong. (see Doerfer MT 69), we should rather reconstruct PA *k`ésa.
Comments:A Western isogloss. Mong. > Chag. kačir 'mule' etc. (see VEWT 217). The Mong. form itself may have been borrowed from Turk. (see Щербак 1997, 137), but may as well be genuine. The Tung. parallel makes the theory of Turk. < Iran. (Sogd. ɣrtr'k, see TMN 3, 393 with literature) rather improbable.
Comments:Martin 229, Miller 1980, 161-162, 1985a, 81, 1986, 48, Лексика 183. Medial *-j- has to be reconstructed to account for loss of resonant in Korean.
Comments:The Jpn. form goes back to *keju-(ga)-. The Turkic parallel raises doubts: the isolated Chuv. form may stem from Mari kaj- 'to go' ( < FU *käwe, UEW 654), as suggested in VEWT 221.
Comments:ОСHЯ 1, 304; Дыбо 312-313; VEWT 230, Лексика 149-150. Cf. also Kalm. xanǝ 'маховые перья' (KW 165, АПиПЯЯ 289); but due to restricted distribution in Mong. this form should be rather considered a Turkism (see Щербак 1997, 133).
Comments:A Western isogloss; not quite reliable because of poor attestation (and possible borrowed nature?) in Turkic and TM. Cf. OJ. kédá-mono 'animal' (?).
Comments:In Turkic one would expect *geń-; the root, however, has since the oldest texts almost completely merged with PT *köń- 'to burn', so as to become almost indistinguishable from the latter. See also notes to *gū̀no.
Comments:KW 229, Poppe 20, 46, ОСНЯ 1, 293, АПиПЯЯ 15, 69, 109, 279, Ozawa 208-209, Дыбо 14, Лексика 227. Correspondences are regular except for low tone in Jpn. (high tone would be expected).
Comments:A good common Altaic root; the original meaning is 'face' or 'jaws', with a more abstract meaning 'shape' developed in the Western area (a very usual semantic development).
Comments:Владимирцов 205. Despite Doerfer MT 93, Rozycki 104 the TM forms cannot easily be explained as mongolisms (except Sol. kêli). The root is homonymous (except for the final vowel which is in this case unknown) with *kḗp`à 'shape', and one wonders if it is in fact not the same root, but semantically influenced by another similar one, PA *kĕpV 'upper part of body'.
Comments:KW 223, Владимирцов 260, Poppe 19, ОСНЯ 1, 309. One of the common Altaic monosyllabic verbal stems. In view of the external evidence, -l- in PT is to be regarded as a historical suffix.
Comments:The root denotes some wild-growing grass with sharp edges or thorns. In Kor. there probably occurred a secondary vowel assimilation (*káj- would be expected). Some interaction with *kúja 'nut' was possible, especially in the Kor.-Jap. area.
