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▴ Proto-Turkic▴ Altaic etymology▴ Meaning▴ Russian meaning▴ Old Turkic▴ Karakhanid▴ Turkish▴ Tatar▴ Middle Turkic▴ Uzbek▴ Uighur▴ Sary-Yughur▴ Azerbaidzhan▴ Turkmen▴ Khakassian▴ Shor▴ Oyrat▴ Halaj▴ Chuvash▴ Yakut▴ Dolgan▴ Tuva▴ Tofalar▴ Kirghiz▴ Kazakh▴ Noghai▴ Bashkir▴ Balkar▴ Gagauz▴ Karaim▴ Karakalpak▴ Salar▴ Kumyk▴ Commentsface="Times New Roman Star"*Ka.t face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"hard face="Times New Roman Star"òâåðäûé face="Times New Roman Star"qatyg| (Orkh., OUygh.) face="Times New Roman Star"qatyg| (MK , KB , IM ) face="Times New Roman Star"kat (dial.) face="Times New Roman Star"qaty face="Times New Roman Star"qatyg| (MA ) face="Times New Roman Star"qo|tiq face="Times New Roman Star"qetiq face="Times New Roman Star"Gaty face="Times New Roman Star"Gat, Gaty face="Times New Roman Star"xatyg| face="Times New Roman Star"qadyg| face="Times New Roman Star"qatu: face="Times New Roman Star"xydú face="Times New Roman Star"kyta:nax face="Times New Roman Star"kyta:nak face="Times New Roman Star"qa'dyg| face="Times New Roman Star"qatu: face="Times New Roman Star"qatty face="Times New Roman Star"qat face="Times New Roman Star"qaty face="Times New Roman Star"qatty face="Times New Roman Star"qaty face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 597-598, VEWT 241, ÝÑÒß 5, 334-335, Stachowski 170. Yak. xat-, Dolg. kat- 'to dry up' (Stachowski 140) < Mong. qata- id. Khak. xatyg| also probably has -t- under Mong. influence. face="Times New Roman Star"*KAtyr face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"mule face="Times New Roman Star"ìóë face="Times New Roman Star"qatyr (MK , KB ) face="Times New Roman Star"katyr face="Times New Roman Star"qatyr (AH , Houts. , IM ) face="Times New Roman Star"Gatyr face="Times New Roman Star"Gatyr face="Times New Roman Star"qatyr face="Times New Roman Star"qadyr face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 242, ÝÑÒß 5, 339-340, TMN 3, No 1395. The Turkic form may well be borrowed < Iran., cf. Saka khad.ara- 'mule'. Here -d.- points to *rd, cf. Sogd. g|rtr'k < *xarataraka 'mule' (for a quite similar compound cf. Pers. astar 'mule' < *assa-tara 'horse from one side' (Bailey 70). Doerfer is concerned about lack of length in Turkic, but length is likewise lacking in Saka and other Iranian forms. The only phonetic difficulty is the Turkic reflex -t-, because Saka d. in the Saka-Uygh. glossary (14th c.) renders Turkic -r-. In one obvious Saka loan the Saka -d.- is indeed rendered as -r-: cu:d.a:m. 'stadium' (Av. c?ar@tu-) > OT (Hap. by MK ) c?ura:m 'a shot with a light far-flying arrow. However, if 'mule' is borrowed, it is hardly a Xinjiang loanword but rather a Common Turkic, and perhaps from another Iranian language (Sogdian?). face="Times New Roman Star"*K(i)ab face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"1 peeled skin 2 to peel 3 dandruff face="Times New Roman Star"1 ñîäðàííàÿ êîæà 2 ñäèðàòü (êîæó) 3 ïåðõîòü face="Times New Roman Star"kav 1, kovak 1, kavla- 2 face="Times New Roman Star"qawyq 3 face="Times New Roman Star"qav 1 (AH ) , qavaq 3 (CCum .) face="Times New Roman Star"qavaq 'shell' (dial.) face="Times New Roman Star"GovaG 3 face="Times New Roman Star"Gov 1 face="Times New Roman Star"xa:x 3 face="Times New Roman Star"qoq (Âåðá. ), qa:q (dial.) 3 face="Times New Roman Star"qaw 1, qawaq 3 face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 214, EDT 578, ÝÑÒß 5, 160-161, 6, 7-8. This root should be distinguished from *Ka:puk 'bark' (v. sub *k`a:/p`a\ ), although they are partially confused in VEWT 234-5. See also EDT 583. face="Times New Roman Star"*KAbuk face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"bladder face="Times New Roman Star"ìî÷åâîé ïóçûðü face="Times New Roman Star"qavuq (OUygh.) face="Times New Roman Star"qavuq (MK ) face="Times New Roman Star"kavuk face="Times New Roman Star"quwyq face="Times New Roman Star"qavuq (AH , MA ) face="Times New Roman Star"GovuG face="Times New Roman Star"Govuq face="Times New Roman Star"xo:x face="Times New Roman Star"qo:q face="Times New Roman Star"ku:k face="Times New Roman Star"xabax face="Times New Roman Star"quwyq face="Times New Roman Star"quwyq face="Times New Roman Star"qywyq face="Times New Roman Star"quwuq face="Times New Roman Star"qawuq face="Times New Roman Star"ÝÑÒß 5, 174, EDT 583. face="Times New Roman Star"*KAgur- face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"to roast, fry face="Times New Roman Star"æàðèòü face="Times New Roman Star"qag|ur-, qog|ur-, qovur- (MK ) face="Times New Roman Star"kavur- face="Times New Roman Star"quwyr- face="Times New Roman Star"qavur- (Houts. , Pav. C. , MA ) face="Times New Roman Star"qo|wur-, dial. qo|g|ur- face="Times New Roman Star"qoru- face="Times New Roman Star"Govur- face="Times New Roman Star"Govur-, Gavyr- (À-Á) face="Times New Roman Star"xo:r- face="Times New Roman Star"qo:r- face="Times New Roman Star"ku:r- face="Times New Roman Star"xo:r- face="Times New Roman Star"ku:r(u)- face="Times New Roman Star"quwyr- face="Times New Roman Star"quwyr- face="Times New Roman Star"quwyr-, dial. qywyr- face="Times New Roman Star"qa'ur- face="Times New Roman Star"qavur- face="Times New Roman Star"quwyr- face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 220, ÝÑÒß 5, 175-177. face="Times New Roman Star"*Kab- face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"1 to unite, bring together 2 be brought together face="Times New Roman Star"1 îáúåäèíÿòü, ñîáèðàòü 2 ñîáèðàòüñÿ face="Times New Roman Star"qavyr- 1 (OUygh.), qavys?- 2 (Yen., OUygh.) face="Times New Roman Star"qavur- 1 (MK , KB ), qavys?- 2 (MK ) face="Times New Roman Star"kavus?- 2 face="Times New Roman Star"qawys?- 2 face="Times New Roman Star"qavus?- 2 (Qutb , Áîð. Áàä. ) face="Times New Roman Star"qo|wus?- 2 face="Times New Roman Star"dial. qavus?- 2 face="Times New Roman Star"qawys- 2 face="Times New Roman Star"Govus?- 2 face="Times New Roman Star"Govur- 1, Govus?- 2 face="Times New Roman Star"qabyr- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"> Danube Bulg. koubraton 'collector, unifier (of lands)' face="Times New Roman Star"xavyr- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"xabyr- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"qo:s?- 2 face="Times New Roman Star"qawys- 2 face="Times New Roman Star"qawys?- 2 face="Times New Roman Star"qawys?- 2 face="Times New Roman Star"qaus?- 2 face="Times New Roman Star"qavus?- 2 face="Times New Roman Star"qawys- 2 face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 216, EDT 585, 588, ÝÑÒß 6, 14-16. OT also has quvra- 'come together, assemble', with a rather strange vocalism (see EDT 586 - but modern forms like qura- are not related, being borrowed from Mong. qura-, qurija-). face="Times New Roman Star"*Kybak / *Kabak face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"white poplar, willow face="Times New Roman Star"áåëûé òîïîëü, èâà face="Times New Roman Star"kavak face="Times New Roman Star"quvaq face="Times New Roman Star"qawaq (Houts. ) face="Times New Roman Star"qapaq (Jarr. ) face="Times New Roman Star"GovaG face="Times New Roman Star"qa:q, dial. qabaq face="Times New Roman Star"õúw|va face="Times New Roman Star"xa:k face="Times New Roman Star"xa: face="Times New Roman Star"qywaq face="Times New Roman Star"qavaq face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 215, ÝÑÒß 5, 170-171, TMN 3, 534-535. The variant *Kabak is probably secondary, due to vowel assimilation; qapaq in Uygh. is also secondary - a contamination with *Kap- 'cover'. face="Times New Roman Star"*KAgur face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"doll face="Times New Roman Star"êóêëà face="Times New Roman Star"qod|urc?uq (MK ) face="Times New Roman Star"dial. kurc?ak face="Times New Roman Star"qurc?aq face="Times New Roman Star"qawurc?aq (Áîð. Áàä. , Pav. C. ), qavur (R ) face="Times New Roman Star"qu.g|irc?o|q face="Times New Roman Star"qo(r)c?aq, dial. qog|urc?aq face="Times New Roman Star"Gurz?|aq face="Times New Roman Star"qu:rc?aq face="Times New Roman Star"quwyrs?aq face="Times New Roman Star"quwyrs?aq face="Times New Roman Star"qursaq face="Times New Roman Star"quwyrs?aq face="Times New Roman Star"qurc?aq face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 220, EDT 587, 606, ÝÑÒß 6, 161-163. Modern reflexes point quite clearly to *-g- (less probably - *-b-), so the attested form with -d|- must be a phonetic aberration. Interference with OT qoduz 'femme s{eu}le' (suggested in Tekin 1969 and ÝÑÒß ibid.) is not excluded, but cf. also the notes below. face="Times New Roman Star"*Ka:r/ face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"goose face="Times New Roman Star"ãóñü face="Times New Roman Star"qaz (OUygh.) face="Times New Roman Star"qaz (MK , KB ) face="Times New Roman Star"kaz face="Times New Roman Star"qaz face="Times New Roman Star"qaz (Houts. , AH , Pav. C. ) face="Times New Roman Star"g|az face="Times New Roman Star"Gaz face="Times New Roman Star"Ga:z face="Times New Roman Star"xas face="Times New Roman Star"qas face="Times New Roman Star"qas face="Times New Roman Star"xor face="Times New Roman Star"xa:s face="Times New Roman Star"ka:s face="Times New Roman Star"qas face="Times New Roman Star"qaz face="Times New Roman Star"qaz face="Times New Roman Star"qaz face="Times New Roman Star"qad| face="Times New Roman Star"qa:z face="Times New Roman Star"g|az face="Times New Roman Star"qaz face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 679, VEWT 243, ÝÑÒß 5, 184, Ëåêñèêà 171, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 361, Stachowski 143. face="Times New Roman Star"*Kar/- face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"1 to dig 2 to scrape, scratch 3 plane face="Times New Roman Star"1 êîïàòü 2 ñêðåñòè, öàðàïàòü 3 ðóáàíîê face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- (OUygh.) 1 face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- (KB ), qazy- (MK ) 1 face="Times New Roman Star"kaz- 1,2, kazy- 2, kazag|y 3 face="Times New Roman Star"qazy- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- (AH , Houts. , MA , IM , Pav. C. ) 1, (Pav. C. ) 2 face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- 1, qazi- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"Gaz- 1,2, Gazy- 1,2 face="Times New Roman Star"Gaz- 1, Gaza- 2 face="Times New Roman Star"dial. xas- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"qas- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"qas- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"xyr- 2 face="Times New Roman Star"xas- 1,2 face="Times New Roman Star"kas- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"qas- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"qazy- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"qad|y- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 243, ÝÑÒß 5, 185-186, Ìóäðàê 103, Stachowski 140. Chuv. -y- is not quite clear here. face="Times New Roman Star"*Kar/gan- face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"to earn wages by labour, to gain profits by trade, to strive for success face="Times New Roman Star"ïðèîáðåòàòü, õðàíèòü, âûèãðûâàòü face="Times New Roman Star"qazg|an- (Orkh., Yeniss., OUygh.) face="Times New Roman Star"qazg|an- (MK , KB ) face="Times New Roman Star"kazan- face="Times New Roman Star"qazan- face="Times New Roman Star"qazan- (Sangl. , Houts. , Ettuhf. , IM , Pav. C. , MA ), Kypch. qazan- (CCum .) face="Times New Roman Star"qazan- face="Times New Roman Star"Gazan- face="Times New Roman Star"Gazan- face="Times New Roman Star"xúrg|ún 'ñêóïåö, ñêðÿãà, ñêàðåä' face="Times New Roman Star"xaha:n- face="Times New Roman Star"qazan- face="Times New Roman Star"qazan- face="Times New Roman Star"qazan- face="Times New Roman Star"qazan- face="Times New Roman Star"ÝÑÒß 5, 188-189. face="Times New Roman Star"*K[a]r/guk face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"pole, peg face="Times New Roman Star"ïàëêà, êîëûøåê face="Times New Roman Star"qazg|uq (OUygh.) face="Times New Roman Star"qazn|uq (MK ) face="Times New Roman Star"kazyk face="Times New Roman Star"qazyq face="Times New Roman Star"qazuq (Áîð. Áàä. , Pav. C. ) face="Times New Roman Star"qo|ziq face="Times New Roman Star"qozuq face="Times New Roman Star"quzuq face="Times New Roman Star"gazyx (dial.) face="Times New Roman Star"GazyG face="Times New Roman Star"qazyq face="Times New Roman Star"*karuH > Hung. karo/ (see Gombocz 1912 , MNyTESz 2, 387). face="Times New Roman Star"qazyq face="Times New Roman Star"qazyq face="Times New Roman Star"qad|a- 'to stick into', qad|aq, qad|yq 'nail' face="Times New Roman Star"qazyq face="Times New Roman Star"qazyq face="Times New Roman Star"qazyq face="Times New Roman Star"qazyq face="Times New Roman Star"qazyq face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 682 (derivation from *Kar/- 'dig' is highly dubious, although the vocalism could have been influenced by the verbal root), VEWT 243, ÝÑÒß 5, 190-191. Because of its consonant the Bashk. form belongs rather here than to PT *Ka:ta- (v. sub *ka:/jta ). face="Times New Roman Star"*Kyj(g)ak face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"sedge face="Times New Roman Star"îñîêà face="Times New Roman Star"kyjak (dial.) 'marsh' face="Times New Roman Star"qyjaq 'leaves of cereals' face="Times New Roman Star"qijag| (Pav. C. ) 'cut dried grass' face="Times New Roman Star"qijo|q face="Times New Roman Star"qijaq 'grass' face="Times New Roman Star"gijax (dial.) 'grass name' face="Times New Roman Star"Gyjaq 'ïûðåé âîëîñàòûé' face="Times New Roman Star"xyjg|anax face="Times New Roman Star"qyjg|aq face="Times New Roman Star"qija:q 'soft plants as animal food' face="Times New Roman Star"xúja (ÝÑÒß: xújax) face="Times New Roman Star"qyjaq 'îñòðåö', qyjg|aq 'sedge' face="Times New Roman Star"qyjaq 'grass name' face="Times New Roman Star"qyjaq face="Times New Roman Star"qyjaq 'leaves of cereals'; dial. qyjg|aq id., 'ïûðåé' face="Times New Roman Star"qyjaq 'bulb' face="Times New Roman Star"qyjaq 'reed leaves' face="Times New Roman Star"qyjaq face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 262, ÝÑÒß 6, 201-202. Turk. > Mong. kijag id. (Kalm. ka:g, KW 222, Khalkha xiag, Bur. x/a:g, Ord. ka:g, cf. TMN 3, 566). Cf. also Karakh. (MK ) qajac?uq 'a fragrant mountain grass'. face="Times New Roman Star"*Kyr- face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"1 pest, epidemic 2 mischief 3 archenemy face="Times New Roman Star"1 ÷óìà, ýïèäåìèÿ 2 íåñ÷àñòüå 3 çàêëÿòûé âðàã face="Times New Roman Star"qyr (jag|y) 3 face="Times New Roman Star"kyran 1 face="Times New Roman Star"qiran 2 face="Times New Roman Star"Gyr (dus?man) 3 face="Times New Roman Star"kyr (o"sto":x) 3 face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 265, ÝÑÒß 6, 224. Cf. also PT *Kurul- 'to have cramps' (VEWT 304). face="Times New Roman Star"*Kyr/-, *Kyrguj, *Kyragan face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"1 hawk, falcon 2 faultless (of a bird of prey) face="Times New Roman Star"1 ÿñòðåá, ñîêîë 2 ëîâêèé, áüþùèé áåç ïðîìàõà (î ëîâ÷åé ïòèöå) face="Times New Roman Star"qyrg|uj 1 (MK ) face="Times New Roman Star"kyrg|aj, kyrg|y 1, kuran (dial.) 'hawk', kyrkaw (dial., R.) 'a k. of hawk' face="Times New Roman Star"qyrg|yj 1 (dial.) face="Times New Roman Star"qirg|u (Pav. C. ), qyrg|y (Ettuhf. ) 1 face="Times New Roman Star"qirg|ij 1, qiro|nqara 'îðåë-ìîãèëüíèê' face="Times New Roman Star"g|urg|uj, qarg|aj 1 (dial.) face="Times New Roman Star"Gyrg|y 1 face="Times New Roman Star"Gyrg|y 1 face="Times New Roman Star"xyza 1, xyrg|yjax 'young hawk' face="Times New Roman Star"x@rxi 1, x@re|n 'kite' face="Times New Roman Star"kyrbyj 'ñåðûé ñîêîë, ñîêîë-÷åãëîê, ÿñòðåá' (?) face="Times New Roman Star"qyra:n, qyran 1, 2, qyrg|yj, qyjg|yr 1, qyrg|yjek 'young hawk' face="Times New Roman Star"qyran 2, qyrg|yj 1 face="Times New Roman Star"qyjg|yr (dial.) 1 face="Times New Roman Star"qyrg|yj, qyrqyn, qyrxyn 1 face="Times New Roman Star"qyran 2, qyrg|yj 1 face="Times New Roman Star"qyrg|yj 1 face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 266, 269, EDT 654-655, ÝÑÒß 6, 231, 232-235. Turk. *Kyrguj 'falcon' > Mong. kirg|ui, see Ùåðáàê 1997 , 139. face="Times New Roman Star"*Kyc?- face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"to scratch, scrape; to itch face="Times New Roman Star"ñêðåñòè, öàðàïàòü; ÷åñàòüñÿ face="Times New Roman Star"qyc?y- face="Times New Roman Star"qyc?- face="Times New Roman Star"qic?i- face="Times New Roman Star"qic?i- face="Times New Roman Star"xyc?y- face="Times New Roman Star"qyc?y- face="Times New Roman Star"k@z/@ '÷åñîòêà' face="Times New Roman Star"kyhyj-; kyhyax 'scraper' face="Times New Roman Star"kyhyak 'scraper' face="Times New Roman Star"kiz?|i- face="Times New Roman Star"qyc?ys?- face="Times New Roman Star"qys?y- face="Times New Roman Star"qys?y- face="Times New Roman Star"qysy- face="Times New Roman Star"qys?y- face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 260, ÝÑÒß 6, 186-187, Stachowski 167. face="Times New Roman Star"*Kyc? face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"foot, shin face="Times New Roman Star"íîãà, ãîëåíü face="Times New Roman Star"kyc? 'foot, shin; coccyx, behind' face="Times New Roman Star"qyc? (AH ) face="Times New Roman Star"Gyc? face="Times New Roman Star"Gyc? (dial.) face="Times New Roman Star"qys 'êàìóñ' face="Times New Roman Star"xys/ 'back, behind' face="Times New Roman Star"ky:s berbe:kej 'ùèêîëîòêà, ëîäûæêà' (?) face="Times New Roman Star"qyc? face="Times New Roman Star"Ëåêñèêà 281, ÝÑÒß 6, 252-253. face="Times New Roman Star"*Kyj- face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"1 greedy, miserly 2 wise, clever 3 to offer, sacrifice 4 to dare face="Times New Roman Star"1 æàäíûé, ñêóïîé 2 ìóäðûé, óìíûé 3 æåðòâîâàòü, ïðèíîñèòü â æåðòâó, ïîñâÿùàòü ñåáÿ 4 ñìåòü, ðåøàòüñÿ, ïîêóøàòüñÿ face="Times New Roman Star"kyj- 3 face="Times New Roman Star"qyj- 4 face="Times New Roman Star"qyj- 4 (AH ) face="Times New Roman Star"Gyj- 3, 4 face="Times New Roman Star"xyjg|a 2, xyjtyx 1 face="Times New Roman Star"qyjg|a 1 face="Times New Roman Star"xúj- 4 face="Times New Roman Star"qyj- 3, 4 face="Times New Roman Star"qyj- 3 face="Times New Roman Star"qyj- 4 face="Times New Roman Star"qyj- 4 face="Times New Roman Star"qyj- 3 face="Times New Roman Star"qyj- 3 face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 262, ÝÑÒß 6, 197-198 (confused with *Kyj- 'to cut aslant' which should be probably kept apart). face="Times New Roman Star"*Kyj- face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"1 to cut aslant, make notches 2 to cut in small pieces face="Times New Roman Star"1 ðåçàòü íàèñêîñîê, äåëàòü çàðóáêè 2 ðåçàòü íà ìåëêèå êóñî÷êè face="Times New Roman Star"qyj- (MK ) 1 face="Times New Roman Star"kyj- 2 face="Times New Roman Star"qyj- (AH , Ettuhf. ) 1 face="Times New Roman Star"qij- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"Gyj- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"xyj- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"qyj- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"xújú chip, sliver face="Times New Roman Star"kyj- 'walk around' face="Times New Roman Star"qyj- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"qyj- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"qyj- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"qyj- 2 face="Times New Roman Star"qyj- face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 261, ÝÑÒß 6, 197-200. Turk. *kyjgac? > Kalm. ki:g|@s (KW 234). The meaning of the Orkh. hapax qyd- (see EDT 595) is quite insecure and cannot serve as a basis for reconstructing *Kyd-; all other forms (including qyj- 'to cut aslant' and qyj-ma 'cut meat' in MK ) point unambiguously to *Kyj-, see ÝÑÒß 6, 200, 202-203. There exist also common Turkic derivatives *Kyj-yr and *Kyj-yk 'oblique, bent'. face="Times New Roman Star"*Ky:jn face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"1 punishment, fine, guilt 2 to punish 3 cruelty, tyranny 4 to condemn 5 hard, difficult 6 to torture 7 insult, offence 8 to offend 9 harm, torture 10 sin 11 to annoy, anger 12 to beat face="Times New Roman Star"1 íàêàçàíèå, øòðàô, âèíà 2 íàêàçûâàòü 3 æåñòîêîñòü, òèðàíèÿ 4 îñóæäàòü, ïîðèöàòü 5 òðóäíûé, òÿæåëûé 6 ìó÷èòü 7 îáèäà 8 îáèæàòü 9 áåäà, ìó÷åíèå 10 ãðåõ 11 ñåðäèòü, ðàçäðàæàòü 12 áèòü face="Times New Roman Star"qyjnyg| (acc.) (Orkh.), qyjn, qyn (OUygh.) 1, qyna- 2 (OUygh.) face="Times New Roman Star"qyn, qyjyn (KB ) 1, qyna- 2 (MK , KB ) face="Times New Roman Star"kyjyn, kyjync? 3, kyna- 4 face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 5, qyjyna- 'to make difficult, hard' face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn (Abush. , Áîð. Áàä. , MA ), qyn (Pav. C. ), qyna- 2 (Sangl. ) face="Times New Roman Star"qijin 5, qijna- 6 face="Times New Roman Star"qijin 5, qijna- 6 face="Times New Roman Star"qyn 1 face="Times New Roman Star"Gyna- 4 face="Times New Roman Star"qy:n 5, qy:na- 'to make difficult, torture' face="Times New Roman Star"xyjyx 7, xyjal 9 face="Times New Roman Star"qyjal 9, 10, qyjyq-ta- 8, qyjnag| 9 (*qyn/-lag|) face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn, qyjna- 6, qyjal 10, dial. (Áàñê. Òóáà ) qyj- 6 face="Times New Roman Star"x@n 1 face="Times New Roman Star"ky:nn/a:-, kyjaxa:- 11, kyj- 'to pain, ache' face="Times New Roman Star"kyjn|a- 11, kyj- 'to kill' face="Times New Roman Star"xyjna- 6 face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 1, qyjyt- 'to make difficult, troublesome', qyjna- 6 face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 1, qyjna- 6, qynz?-yl- 'to be distressed' face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 1, qyjna- 6 face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 1, qyjna- 12 face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 1, qyjna- 12 face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn, qejin 1, qyjna- 6 face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 1, qyjna- 6 face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 1, qyjna- 6 face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 264. EDT 631, ÝÑÒß 6, 218-219, Stachowski 168. Turk. *Ky:jna- > MMong. qina- 'to torture' (Ùåðáàê 1997 , 165). Nasalless forms (like Yak. kyjaxa:- etc.) may result from a reanalysis of the form *Ky:jn as *Kyjyn, interpreted as a deverbative noun. Turk. > Hung. ki/n 'torture, suffering' (Gombocz 1912 ).
,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,
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