Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳam-

Meaning: rise, lift

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *ḳVwVm- 'stand (up), rise'

Berber: *ḳaym 'sit'?

Western Chadic: *ḳam- 'lift'

Semitic etymology :

Number: 1178

Proto-Semitic: *ḳVwVm-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'stand (up), rise'

Akkadian: ḳamām- 'stand up straight (of hair), stand on end' AHw (LGz)

Ugaritic: ḳm 'ponerse en pie, alzarse' DLU 367

Hebrew: ḳwm 'rise, get up, stand up' HAL 1086

Aramaic: Pal ḳwm

Biblical Aramaic: ḳwm

Syrian Aramaic: ḳwm

Mandaic Aramaic: ḳwm

Arabic: ḳwm [-u-]

Epigraphic South Arabian: ḳwm

Geʕez (Ethiopian): ḳwm 'stand, stay, remain, rise, arise'

Tigrai (Tigriñña): ḳomä

Amharic: ḳomä

Argobba: ḳoma, oma

Gafat: ḳomä

Gurage: Sod ḳomäm, Cha ḳʷämäm

Notes: Secondary transformation of a biconsonantal root into a *CVwVC- structure

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *ḳam-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'lift'

Geji: kàmì [Kr N 358]

Buli: kǝmu [Kr]

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVMPV

Meaning : top of head

Eurasiatic : *KVmPV

Afroasiatic : ? Chad. *ḳum-, Omot. *ḳam- 'ear'

Sino-Caucasian : *xq̇wĕmV̄

Amerind (misc.) : *kamo 'ear' (R 194); ? *kʷan 'horn' (R 379) [+ A K]

Notes : ?? Here also Sem., Chad. *ḳVm- 'rise, lift' ( < *'top'?).

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *KVmPV

Meaning: top of head

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *ki̯amp`a

Dravidian: *komb-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *qẹmĭ-

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯amp`a

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: top, top of head

Russian meaning: верхушка, верх головы

Turkic: *k(i)amak / *k(i)apak

Tungus-Manchu: *kiama / *kiapa

Korean: *kàmá

Japanese: *kàm(p)-

Comments: PKE 68 (Kor.-Turk., without Japanese parallels), АПиПЯЯ 279, Лексика 200. Tone correspondence between Kor. and Jpn. is irregular. The variation between *-m- and *-p- in most subgroups reflects the PA cluster *-mp`-, possibly with later interdialectal loans.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *K(i)amak / *K(i)apak

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 forehead 2 front part 3 eyelid 4 eyebrow

Russian meaning: 1 лоб 2 передняя часть 3 веко 4 бровь

Karakhanid: qapaq 3 (MK)

Turkish: kabak 'bald', dial. kabag 1, 2, 'face', 'skull'

Tatar: küz qabaɣɨ 3, dial. taw qabaɣɨ 'mountain slope'

Middle Turkic: qabaq 1, 2 (Sangl., Бор. Бад.)

Uzbek: qɔvɔq 3

Uighur: dial. qawaq 3

Sary-Yughur: qavaq 'nose bridge' (ЯЖУ)

Azerbaidzhan: GabaG 2, (poet.) 'face'

Turkmen: GābaG 3

Khakassian: xamax 1

Shor: qamaq, qabaq 1

Oyrat: qamaq, qabaq 4, dial. 1

Tuva: xavaq 1

Tofalar: qabaq 4

Kirghiz: qabaq 3, 'pitfall'

Kazakh: qabaq 3, 'place under the forehead; edge of shore'

Noghai: qabaq 3

Bashkir: qabaq 3, 'precipice'

Karakalpak: qabaq 3, 'cleft'

Kumyk: göz qabaɣɨ 3

Comments: VEWT 228, ЭСТЯ 5, 161, Лексика 199-200. An extremely complicated case: forms meaning 'eyelid' are traditionally analysed as derived from *Kap- 'to cover' - but the Turkm., Uzb. and Uygh. forms clearly contradict such a derivation by displaying unmistakable vowel length. A trace of the original meaning 'forehead, eyebrow' (later shifted to 'eyelid') in the Kypchak languages (not distinguishing vowel length) may be found in expressions meaning 'to frown (one's forehead, eyebrows)': Kirgh. qabaq tüj-, bürkö-, Kaz., KKalp. qabaq tüj-. The form *Kāpak may have been additionally influenced by PT *Kāp 'sack; to surround' (v. sub *k[ā]p`á), *Kāp(ak) 'caul, hymen' (v. sub *k`āp`á). The variation of *-m- and -p- (cf. the archaic Siberian reflexes with -m-) is parallelled by a similar variation in TM and Japanese and may reflect an original cluster, but may have been an innovation due to the contaminations with *Kap- and *Kāp.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *kiama / *kiapa

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 temple 2 face

Russian meaning: 1 висок 2 лицо

Evenki: kē̂wa 2

Orok: qē̂mi 1

Nanai: qǟf (Bik.) 1

Udighe: keämikta 1

Comments: ТМС 1, 386.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *kàmá

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: crown of head

Russian meaning: верхушка головы

Modern Korean: kama

Middle Korean: kàmá

Comments: Liu 20, HMCH 51, KED 14.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *kàm(p)-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 top 2 head

Russian meaning: 1 верх, верхушка 2 голова

Old Japanese: kamji 1

Middle Japanese: kàmí 1, kabu(ri) 2

Tokyo: kámi 1, káburi, kàburi 2

Kyoto: kàmí 1, kábúrí 2

Kagoshima: kamí 1, kaburí 2

Nase: kàmàčí 2

Comments: JLTT 431, 435.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *kom-

Meaning : branch; horn

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *komb-

Proto-Telugu : *komm-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kom

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kom-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *komb-

Meaning : horn

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : kompu

Tamil meaning : branch, horn of an animal, musical horn, tusk

Tamil derivates : kompan_ tusked or horned animal, clever man (used ironically); koppu branch

Malayalam : kompu

Malayalam meaning : horn, tusk, musical horn, branch, pole, mast, spear

Malayalam derivates : kompan horned, male of cattle; a valiant, arrogant person; kompikka to grow arrogant, angry

Kannada : kombu

Kannada meaning : branch, horn of an animal, musical horn, tusk, root

Kannada derivates : kombe, (Nanj.) kome branch

Kodagu : kombɨ

Kodagu meaning : branch, horn of an animal

Tulu : kombu

Tulu meaning : branch, horn of an animal, musical horn, tusk

Tulu derivates : (B-K) kombe a buck deer; kombelụ a horn used by a toddy-tapper

Proto-Nilgiri : *kob

Number in DED : 2115

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *kob

Meaning : branch, horn

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : kob "branch, horn of an animal, musical horn, tusk"

Toda : kub "horn blown by Kota musician"

Additional forms : Also Kota kombn man who thinks well of himself, boastful man; fem. komby

Notes : Kota forms with -mb- may be borrowed from Tamil.

Number in DED : 2115

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *komm-

Meaning : horn, musical horn, tusk

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : kommu

Additional forms : Also komma branch

Number in DED : 2115

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kom

Meaning : branch, horn

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kolami : kom "branch of tree, horn"

Naikri : komm "horn"

Salur Gadba : kommu "horn"

Number in DED : 2115

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kom-

Meaning : branch; horn

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *kom-

Konda : koma (pl. komeŋ)

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *kom-

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *kom-

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *kom-

Meaning : branch of tree

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Koya Gondi : koma

Number in DED : 2115

Number in CVOTGD : 912

Konda etymology :

Konda : koma (pl. komeŋ)

Meaning: branch of tree

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Additional forms : Also Konda komu (pl. komku) horn

Number in DED : 2115

Pengo-Manda etymology :

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *kom-

Meaning : horn

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Pengo : koma, komo

Manda : kumu

Number in DED : 2115

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *kom-

Meaning : branch; horn

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : gopkā "(Mah) branches"

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : kōma (pl. kōmanga) "branch"

Kuwi (Schulze) : komma "branch"

Sunkarametta Kuwi : komma (pl. -ŋa) "branch"

Parja Kuwi : kommu (pl. komka) "horn"

Additional forms : Also Kuwi_Su kommu (pl. komka) horn; Kuwi_F kōmū (pl. kōmka), Kuwi_S kommu horn

Notes : The a-stem (*koma) meant 'branch' in PK; the u-stem (*komu) meant 'horn'. Voiced g- in Kui_Mah is not clear; *kopka would be expected; dialectal peculiarity?

Number in DED : 2115

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *qẹmĭ-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning (Rus.): макушка; волос головы

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *qemi-

Proto-Itelmen: *k'ʷimi "

Chukchee-Koryak etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *qemi-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): макушка 1, потолок 2

Chukchee: qɛ́mtɛ-n 1

Koryak: qemi-lqǝ-n 2

Itelmen etymology :

Proto-Itelmen: *k'ʷimi "

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): волос

Itelmen: k'im-k'im, km-km** (k'mi-'n pl.) 1

Itelmen meaning: волос 1, лента, заплетенная в косу 2

West Itelmen: kɨm-kɨm (kimin pl.), kujmɨ-m

West Itelmen meaning: crines

West Itelmen meaning (Polish): wɫosy

South Itelmen: kubi-t [kubi-'id*] pl.

South Itelmen meaning (Latin): crines

South Itelmen meaning (Polish): wɫosy ludzkie

Number in Volodin 1976: 56, 126

Volodin-Zhukova reference: 336

Comments: В зап. камч. kujmɨm скорее собирательное название, а не множественное число.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *xq̇wĕmV

Meaning: horn; edge

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *hq̇wĕmV̄

Sino-Tibetan: *khăm

Basque: *gain

Comments and references : WFR 85.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *hq̇wĕmV̄

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: horn; head

Proto-Nakh: *mɦaʔo

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *q̇ʷoni

Proto-Tsezian: *q̇ɔm B

Proto-Lak: q̇i

Proto-Lezghian: *q̇ʷem

Notes: Reconstructed for PEC (a case of the *HCVRV̄ structure).

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *mɦaʔo

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: horn

Chechen: maʕa

Ingush: muʕa

Batsbi: mʕaʔŏ

Comments: Chech. -ʕ- instead of -ʔ- under influence of the original *-ɦ- in the initial cluster. Cf. also Shar., Khild. mʕaʔa. 4th class in all languages.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *q̇ʷoni

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 head 2 horn

Andian language: Gʷon 2

Chamalal: un 1

Tindi: ʔʷani 1

Karata: ʕon 2 (Tok)

Bagvalal: un 1

Godoberi: wani 1

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *q̇ɔm B

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: head

Tsezi: q̇Iim

Ginukh: q̇imu

Khvarshi: q̇em

Inkhokvari: q̇Iem

Bezhta: q̇am

Gunzib: q̇ɔm

Comments: PTsKh *q̇eIm(u) (probably < *q̇öIm(u) with dissimilative delabialisation), PGB *q̇ɔm. The same root (but with another Ablaut grade) is present in Gunz. q̇ǝ̃-ƛ (*q̇ǝm-ƛ) 'under the head'.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: q̇i

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: horn

Lak form: q̇i (Khosr.)

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *q̇ʷem

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 back of head 2 summit, top 3 neck

Lezghian: q̇am 1 (Khl. 3)

Rutul: q̇um 1 (Ikhr.)

Tsakhur: q̇om 2

Comment: Obl. base *q̇ʷemɨ-, cf. Lezg. q̇amu-, Tsakh. (Gelm.) q̇omɨ-. 4th class in Tsakh. and Rut.

    See Талибов 1980, 308.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *khǝ̆m

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: bank, shore

Chinese: 嶔 *kh(r)ǝm precipitous.

Tibetan: ãgram shore, bank; near, close to.

Burmese: kamh shore, bank.

Kachin: (H) kha-kom a shore (Hkauri), kha-nin-gam bank of a river (kha).

Lushai: kam bank, shore; KC *kam.

Comments: Garo rikam bank, margin, rim. Cf. also OCh. 險 *xramʔ precipitous, a perilous defile. Sh. 47; Ben 71.

Chinese characters :

Character: 嶔

Modern (Beijing) reading: qīn

Preclassic Old Chinese: khǝm

Classic Old Chinese: khǝm

Western Han Chinese: khǝm

Eastern Han Chinese: khǝm

Early Postclassic Chinese: khim

Middle Postclassic Chinese: khim

Late Postclassic Chinese: khim

Middle Chinese: khim

English meaning : precipitous; mountain peak [L.Zhou]

Russian meaning[s]: 嶔崟 высокий (о горах); горные кручи

Comments: OC *khrǝm can be also reconstructed. During Late Zhou the word is attested only within the die-sheng 嶔岑 *kh(r)ǝm-ʒ́hrǝm 'precipitous'; later it is attested both in a number of other compounds and separately (as 'high mountain peak'). Cf. also 嵁.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 46

Four-angle index: 4793

Karlgren code: 0652 k

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *gain

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 summit, peak 2 surface, exterior 3 above

Bizkaian: gan 1, 2

Gipuzkoan: gain 1, 2

High Navarrese: gain 1, 2

Low Navarrese: gain 1, 2, 3

Lapurdian: gain 1, 2, 3

Zuberoan: gañ 1, 2, 3

Roncalese: gain 1, 2

Comments: Cf. Tsakhur q̇om 'summit, top'. *gain is found in many compounds, e.g. lepa-gain 'nape', soin-gain 'shoulder', be-kain 'eyebrow' (*begi-t-gain), etc.

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