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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *kádù
Meaning: a k. of harness (bridle)
Russian meaning: вид упряжи (уздечка)
Comments: EAS 97, KW 174. Despite Doerfer MT 57 the TM forms are very hard to explain as borrowed from Mong. In Jpn. the word is usually analysed as "mouth ring", which seems to be a folk etymology (in view of external parallels: together with Kor. kùr'ǝ́i it presupposes a suffixed form like *kádu-bV-). It seems that we in fact are dealing here with an archaic term of horse harness. altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-kor,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *kada-
Meaning: bridle
Russian meaning: уздечка
Written Mongolian: qaǯaɣar (L 947), qaǯijar (SM) Middle Mongolian: qada'ar (HY 18, SH), qadāsu (IM), qădar (MA), qadār (LH) Khalkha: xaʒār
Buriat: xazār
Kalmuck: xazār
Ordos: xaǯār
Baoan: Gadǝr
Shary-Yoghur: Gadar
Monguor: Gaʒ́ar (SM 116), Gaʒ́a- (SM 117) 'ronger, brouter', Gadar (SM 115) Mogol: qadār
Comments: KW 174, MGCD 316. Often derived from *kaǯa- 'to bite' (see e.g. Doerfer MT 57), but MMong. and South Mongolian forms with -d- clearly contradict it, so WMong. qaǯaɣar is most probably a result of contamination. The isolated form with -l, Dag. xadāl(a), may in fact be a Tungus loanword. monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-mmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-dun,monget-bao,monget-dag,monget-yuy,monget-mgr,monget-mogh,monget-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *kadala / *kadara
Meaning: bridle
Russian meaning: уздечка
Spoken Manchu: hadǝlǝ, qadǝlǝ (1255)
Literary Manchu: χadala
Nanai: qadara, χadara
Solon: xadal, kadala
Comments: ТМС 1, 359 (the verb *kadala- 'to regulate, oppress' reflected in several languages is derived from the noun 'bridle' rather than borrowed from Mong., where *kada- means basically 'to nail'; however, there were vast possibilities of contaminating the original and borrowed roots (see under *kājt`a). Nan. χadara 'bridle' may be borrowed from Mong. (not quite plausibly, however: the forms like qadar are actually attested only in MMong. and Southern Mongolian dialects), but the Manchu and Solon forms are hard to explain as borrowings (despite Rozycki 97). tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-sib,tunget-man,tunget-nan,tunget-sol,tunget-reference,
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Korean etymology :
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Proto-Korean: *kùr'ǝ́i
Meaning: bridle
Russian meaning: уздечка
Modern Korean: kulle
Middle Korean: kùr'ǝ́i
koret-prnum,koret-meaning,koret-rusmean,koret-phn,koret-ako,koret-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *kútúwá
Meaning: bridle
Russian meaning: уздечка
Middle Japanese: kútúwá
Tokyo: kùtsuwa
Kyoto: kútsúwá
Kagoshima: kutsuwá
Comments: JLTT 468. The accent in Kagoshima is secondary. japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-comments,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *kadV
Meaning: bridle (??)
nostret-meaning,nostret-alt,nostret-drav,
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Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-Dravidian : *kaḍ[i]-
Meaning : bridle
dravet-meaning,dravet-sdr,
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South Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-South Dravidian : *kaḍi-vāḷ-
Meaning : bridle
Tamil : kaṭivāḷam
Tamil meaning : horse's bit, bridle
Malayalam : kaṭivāḷam
Malayalam meaning : bit
Malayalam derivates : kaṭi-ñāṇ, kaṭi-ñāṇam bridle; kaṭi-vār_u bridle, bit
Kannada : kaḍiyā̆ṇa, kaḍivā̆ṇa
Kannada meaning : bit, bridle
Tulu : kaḍivāṇa
Tulu meaning : bridle
Tulu derivates : kaḍḍyana bridle, reins, bit
Number in DED : 1133
sdret-meaning,sdret-prnum,sdret-tam,sdret-tammean,sdret-mal,sdret-malmean,sdret-malder,sdret-kan,sdret-kanmean,sdret-tul,sdret-tulmean,sdret-tulder,sdret-kt,sdret-dednum,
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Nilgiri etymology :
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Proto-Nilgiri : *kaḍǝvaḷ-
Meaning : reins
Kota : kaṛvāḷm
Toda : kaḍoṇm (obl. kaḍoṇt-)
Notes : The vocalism -a- in Toda is not quite clear, but certain irregularities can be expected in such a complex structure.
Number in DED : 1133
ktet-meaning,ktet-prnum,ktet-kota,ktet-toda,ktet-notes,ktet-dednum,
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