Character: 彊
Modern (Beijing) reading: qiáng
Preclassic Old Chinese: ghaŋ
Classic Old Chinese: ghaŋ
Western Han Chinese: ghaŋ
Eastern Han Chinese: ghaŋ
Early Postclassic Chinese: ghaŋ
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ghaŋ
Late Postclassic Chinese: ghaŋ
Middle Chinese: gaŋ
English meaning : be strong
Russian meaning[s]: 1) мощный, сильный; 2) избыточный; с излишком; [qiǎng] 1) через силу, насильно; 2) постараться, см. 強; [jiǎng] 1) граница, см. 疆; 2) упорный, упрямый
Comments: = 強 q.v. The character is also used in the reduplication *kaŋ-kaŋ 'fierce' (thus in Shi 49.1). During LZ also used for *ghaŋʔ, MC gáŋ 'to make an effort; compel' (a related form?).
Radical: 57
Four-angle index: 61
Karlgren code: 0710 e-g
Shijing occurrences: 49.1_, 49.2_
