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 Proto-Turkic Altaic etymology Meaning Russian meaning Old Turkic Karakhanid Turkish Tatar Middle Turkic Uzbek Uighur Sary-Yughur Azerbaidzhan Turkmen Khakassian Shor Oyrat Halaj Chuvash Yakut Dolgan Tuva Tofalar Kirghiz Kazakh Noghai Bashkir Balkar Gagauz Karaim Karakalpak Salar Kumyk Comments
face="Times New Roman Star"*sirkeface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"nitface="Times New Roman Star"ãíèäà
face="Times New Roman Star"sirke (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"sirkeface="Times New Roman Star"si>rke|face="Times New Roman Star"sirke (IM)face="Times New Roman Star"si>rke|face="Times New Roman Star"si>(r)ka"
face="Times New Roman Star"sirka"face="Times New Roman Star"sirkeface="Times New Roman Star"si>rge
face="Times New Roman Star"sirkeface="Times New Roman Star"sirka"face="Times New Roman Star"s?úrga

face="Times New Roman Star"sirgeface="Times New Roman Star"si'rxeface="Times New Roman Star"sirkeface="Times New Roman Star"si>rkeface="Times New Roman Star"sirkeface="Times New Roman Star"hi>rka"face="Times New Roman Star"sirkeface="Times New Roman Star"sirka"face="Times New Roman Star"sirkeface="Times New Roman Star"sirke
face="Times New Roman Star"sirkeface="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 423, EDT 850, Ëåêñèêà 182, ÝÑÒß 7. Turk. > Hung. serke, see Gombocz 1912, MNyTESz 3, 523-524.
face="Times New Roman Star"*jom, *jom(n|)akface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 tale, legend 2 luck, omen 3 word 4 riddleface="Times New Roman Star"1 ðàññêàç, ïðèò÷à 2 ñ÷àñòüå, äîáðîå ïðåäçíàìåíîâàíèå 3 ñëîâî 4 çàãàäêà

face="Times New Roman Star"jom 2 (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"z?|omaq 4face="Times New Roman Star"jumaq 1 (Ettuhf.), jom 2 (AH)face="Times New Roman Star"z?|umbo|q 4
face="Times New Roman Star"lomaq 1
face="Times New Roman Star"jomaq 'joke'face="Times New Roman Star"nymax 1, c?o:x 3face="Times New Roman Star"nybaq 1


face="Times New Roman Star"nomoq 1 (possibly < Mong.)


face="Times New Roman Star"z?|omoq 1face="Times New Roman Star"z?umbaq 4face="Times New Roman Star"jumaq 4face="Times New Roman Star"jomaq 4face="Times New Roman Star"z?|omaq, zomaq 4
face="Times New Roman Star"jomaq 1face="Times New Roman Star"z?u>mbaq 4
face="Times New Roman Star"jomaq 1face="Times New Roman Star"ÝÑÒß 4, 220-221, VEWT 206,119 (one root in two different places). Despite late attestation the root is no doubt archaic (it must have originally pertained to a shamanistic ritual).
face="Times New Roman Star"*enface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"not (prohibitive particle)face="Times New Roman Star"íå (çàïðåòèòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòèöà)













face="Times New Roman Star"an













face="Times New Roman Star"Åãîðîâ 26-27, Ôåäîòîâ 1, 43-45. An isolated Chuv. form, but probably archaic (cf. the external evidence). Cf. also Karakh. (MK Oghuz) an| 'an exclamation meaning "no"' (see EDT 165) - but it is a hapax, occurs only within a reduplication an| an|, does not regularly correspond to Chuv. an and may be just onomatopoeic.
face="Times New Roman Star"*buc?-ukface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"halfface="Times New Roman Star"ïîëîâèíà
face="Times New Roman Star"byc?uq (MK, IM)face="Times New Roman Star"buc?uk
face="Times New Roman Star"buc?uq (Sangl., MKypch. - AH)























face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 85, EDT 294, ÝÑÒß 2, 283-284. Usually regarded as derived from *byc?- 'to cut', which is dubious in the light of external evidence.
face="Times New Roman Star"*K(i)amak / *K(i)apakface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 forehead 2 front part 3 eyelid 4 eyebrowface="Times New Roman Star"1 ëîá 2 ïåðåäíÿÿ ÷àñòü 3 âåêî 4 áðîâü
face="Times New Roman Star"qapaq 3 (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"kabak 'bald', dial. kabag 1, 2, 'face', 'skull'face="Times New Roman Star"ku"z qabag|y 3, dial. taw qabag|y 'mountain slope'face="Times New Roman Star"qabaq 1, 2 (Sangl., Áîð. Áàä.)face="Times New Roman Star"qo|vo|q 3face="Times New Roman Star"dial. qawaq 3face="Times New Roman Star"qavaq 'nose bridge' (ßÆÓ)face="Times New Roman Star"GabaG 2, (poet.) 'face'face="Times New Roman Star"Ga:baG 3face="Times New Roman Star"xamax 1face="Times New Roman Star"qamaq, qabaq 1face="Times New Roman Star"qamaq, qabaq 4, dial. 1



face="Times New Roman Star"xavaq 1face="Times New Roman Star"qabaq 4face="Times New Roman Star"qabaq 3, 'pitfall'face="Times New Roman Star"qabaq 3, 'place under the forehead; edge of shore'face="Times New Roman Star"qabaq 3face="Times New Roman Star"qabaq 3, 'precipice'


face="Times New Roman Star"qabaq 3, 'cleft'
face="Times New Roman Star"go"z qabag|y 3face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 228, ÝÑÒß 5, 161, Ëåêñèêà 199-200. An extremely complicated case: forms meaning 'eyelid' are traditionally analysed as derived from *Kap- 'to cover' - but the Turkm., Uzb. and Uygh. forms clearly contradict such a derivation by displaying unmistakable vowel length. A trace of the original meaning 'forehead, eyebrow' (later shifted to 'eyelid') in the Kypchak languages (not distinguishing vowel length) may be found in expressions meaning 'to frown (one's forehead, eyebrows)': Kirgh. qabaq tu"j-, bu"rko"-, Kaz., KKalp. qabaq tu"j-. The form *Ka:pak may have been additionally influenced by PT *Ka:p 'sack; to surround' (v. sub *k[a:]p`a/), *Ka:p(ak) 'caul, hymen' (v. sub *k`a:p`a/). The variation of *-m- and -p- (cf. the archaic Siberian reflexes with -m-) is parallelled by a similar variation in TM and Japanese and may reflect an original cluster, but may have been an innovation due to the contaminations with *Kap- and *Ka:p.
face="Times New Roman Star"*emeface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 female 2 old womanface="Times New Roman Star"1 ñàìêà 2 ñòàðóõà
face="Times New Roman Star"oma (MK "Tibetan") 1 (?)face="Times New Roman Star"dial. eme 2




face="Times New Roman Star"dial. a"ma" 2




face="Times New Roman Star"ama 1



face="Times New Roman Star"eme 2








face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 42, ÝÑÒß 220, Åãîðîâ 25, EDT 156 (a "nursery" word, spread also in other Altaic languages).
face="Times New Roman Star"*bAlakface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 ankle 2 trouser leg 3 foot soleface="Times New Roman Star"1 ùèêîëîòêà 2 øòàíèíà 3 ñòîïà

face="Times New Roman Star"balaq 2 (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"balaq 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"balaq 2 (Pav. C.)


face="Times New Roman Star"balaG 2face="Times New Roman Star"balaq 2









face="Times New Roman Star"balaq 2; 'bird's foot'face="Times New Roman Star"balaq 2face="Times New Roman Star"balaq 2face="Times New Roman Star"balaq 2, 3
face="Times New Roman Star"balaq 2face="Times New Roman Star"balaq 2
face="Times New Roman Star"balaq 2face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 59, TMN 2, 312, ÝÑÒß 2, 51, Ëåêñèêà 478. Turk. > Russ. Siber. bala/ki (Pl.) (Àíèêèí 114). [The latter contains a mistake: balaq 'ïàõè' is not attested in Kirgh. - it is found in Radloff marked as Kirgh., which means Kazakh. Modern Kazakh dictionaries do not note this meaning; according to the ÊÒÒÑ (1, 86) it means `a trouser leg from the knee downwards; horse's ankle; part of bird's leg from the knee down to the ankle'. In Kirgh. a related stem may be balak-ta- 'to hang loose (of clothes, particularly of wide trouser legs)'.]
face="Times New Roman Star"*sunuface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"caraway seedface="Times New Roman Star"òìèííîå çåðíîface="Times New Roman Star"sunu (OUygh. med.)face="Times New Roman Star"sunu (MK)


























face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 834. Clauson considers the Arabic translation s?u:ni:z to be a loan from Persian; the Persian form gas?ni:z (> modern East Iranian languages, see Ñòåáëèí-Êàìåíñêèé 1982, 75), on the origin of which see Henning 1963, 195-199, of course cannot be the source of Turkic forms.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Kon|urface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"red-brown, dark brownface="Times New Roman Star"ðûæåâàòî-áóðûé, òåìíîêîðè÷íåâûé
face="Times New Roman Star"qon|ur (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"kon|gur , gog|ur (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"qon|g|yrface="Times New Roman Star"qon|ur (IM), qon|g|ur (Pav. C.)face="Times New Roman Star"qu.n|g|ir
face="Times New Roman Star"qon|yrface="Times New Roman Star"Gonurface="Times New Roman Star"Gon|urface="Times New Roman Star"xo:r
face="Times New Roman Star"qon|yr
face="Times New Roman Star"xúw|múw|rface="Times New Roman Star"qon|or
face="Times New Roman Star"xo:r
face="Times New Roman Star"qon|urface="Times New Roman Star"qon|yrface="Times New Roman Star"qon|yrface="Times New Roman Star"qun|yrface="Times New Roman Star"qon|urface="Times New Roman Star"qomur
face="Times New Roman Star"qon|yr
face="Times New Roman Star"qon|urface="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 280-1, TMN 3, 525, EDT 639, ÝÑÒß 6, 62-65.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Ka:ta-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to stick into 2 nailface="Times New Roman Star"1 âîíçàòü(ñÿ) 2 ãâîçäü

face="Times New Roman Star"kada- 1, kadak 2 (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"qada- 1, qadaq 2face="Times New Roman Star"qada- (Abush., Pav. C., MA)face="Times New Roman Star"qada- 1, qado|q 2face="Times New Roman Star"qada- 1, qadaq 2face="Times New Roman Star"qatag| 2face="Times New Roman Star"GadaG 2face="Times New Roman Star"Gadaq 2

face="Times New Roman Star"qada- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"xudav 2 (Anatri)face="Times New Roman Star"xata:- 1face="Times New Roman Star"kata:- 1face="Times New Roman Star"qada- 1, qadag| 2
face="Times New Roman Star"qada- 1, qado: 2face="Times New Roman Star"qada- 1, qadaq 2face="Times New Roman Star"qada- 1, qadaq 2



face="Times New Roman Star"qada- 1, qadaq 2
face="Times New Roman Star"qada- 1face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 217-8, ÝÑÒß 5, 180-182, TMN 3, 420-422, Àøì. XIV, 257, Stachowski 141. Because of the lack of ancient attestation one cannot exclude a borrowing < Mong. (although the variant qadag|a is very poorly represented there, and may itself be borrowed < Turk.).
face="Times New Roman Star"*a>ja-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to esteem 2 to pity, look after 3 veryface="Times New Roman Star"1 ïî÷èòàòü 2 áåðå÷ü, æàëåòü 3 î÷åíü, ñèëüíîface="Times New Roman Star"aja- 1, ajy 3 (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"aja- (MK) 1, 2, ajy 3 (KB)face="Times New Roman Star"aj- 2, aja- dial. 1face="Times New Roman Star"aja- 2face="Times New Roman Star"aja- 1 (Ettuhf.)face="Times New Roman Star"aja- 2face="Times New Roman Star"aji- 2
face="Times New Roman Star"ajin 'cult, ceremony'face="Times New Roman Star"aja- 2face="Times New Roman Star"aja- 2, aj 3face="Times New Roman Star"aja- 2 (in ajaba:n 'remorseless')

face="Times New Roman Star"oja- 'to care'

face="Times New Roman Star"aj 'well'
face="Times New Roman Star"aja- 2face="Times New Roman Star"aja- 2face="Times New Roman Star"aja- 2face="Times New Roman Star"aja- 2face="Times New Roman Star"aja- 2
face="Times New Roman Star"aja- 2face="Times New Roman Star"aja- 2
face="Times New Roman Star"aja- 2face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 10-11, EDT 267-8, ÝÑÒß 1, 101-102, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 298. Deriving *aja- 'to respect, esteem' from *aj 'fear' (VEWT 11) is hardly plausible. Clauson (EDT 182) thinks that OUygh. ajy 'very' is an unusually early example of the elision of -g in an/yg| 'evil', which means 'very' in many OUygh. texts, but this is hardly plausible phonetically; so it may belong here, together with Khak. aj 'very' (although the final narrow y is a problem). Sevortyan relates here also SUygh. ajyg| 'good omen, good luck', but this may be a reflex of OUygh., Karakh. ajyq 'vow, promise' (EDT 270).
face="Times New Roman Star"*Karface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 arm 2 forearm 3 shin-bone of animal 4 various measures of lengthface="Times New Roman Star"1 ðóêà (âåðõíÿÿ ÷àñòü) 2 ïðåäïëå÷üå 3 ãîëåííàÿ êîñòü æèâîòíîãî 4 ðàçëè÷íûå ìåðû äëèíûface="Times New Roman Star"qar 1, qary 2 (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"qary (MK) 1face="Times New Roman Star"karu-z?|a 1face="Times New Roman Star"qary 1, qara 4 (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"qar 1 (Vam.), qary 1 (Abush.), 2 (Houts.), 4 (in all sources)face="Times New Roman Star"qari 1,4, qara 3 (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"qeri 4, qaja 3 (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"qar 2face="Times New Roman Star"gari 3 (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"Gary 3,4
face="Times New Roman Star"qary 1face="Times New Roman Star"qary 1face="Times New Roman Star"qary 4face="Times New Roman Star"xor 2, 4face="Times New Roman Star"xary, xara 2, 3
face="Times New Roman Star"qyry 2face="Times New Roman Star"qyry 2face="Times New Roman Star"qar 1, qary 1face="Times New Roman Star"qar 2, qary 2, 3face="Times New Roman Star"qary 4face="Times New Roman Star"qar 3face="Times New Roman Star"qary 4

face="Times New Roman Star"qar 2, qary 2, 4

face="Times New Roman Star"TMN 3, 461-2, ÝÑÒß 5, 278-283, Äûáî 160-164, Äûáî 1989, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 361, Ëåêñèêà 246-247. The usage of *Kary as a measure ('cubit') may seem natural, but in fact reflects a merger with a different root, see under *K(i)aryl/. Turk. > Hung. kar 'arm', see Ligeti 1933, MNyTESz 2, 369.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Kyc?-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to scratch, scrape; to itchface="Times New Roman Star"ñêðåñòè, öàðàïàòü; ÷åñàòüñÿ


face="Times New Roman Star"qyc?y-face="Times New Roman Star"qyc?-face="Times New Roman Star"qic?i-face="Times New Roman Star"qic?i-


face="Times New Roman Star"xyc?y-
face="Times New Roman Star"qyc?y-
face="Times New Roman Star"k@z/@ '÷åñîòêà'face="Times New Roman Star"kyhyj-; kyhyax 'scraper'face="Times New Roman Star"kyhyak 'scraper'face="Times New Roman Star"kiz?|i-
face="Times New Roman Star"qyc?ys?-face="Times New Roman Star"qys?y-face="Times New Roman Star"qys?y-face="Times New Roman Star"qysy-


face="Times New Roman Star"qys?y-

face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 260, ÝÑÒß 6, 186-187, Stachowski 167.
face="Times New Roman Star"*o":n-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to grow, riseface="Times New Roman Star"ðàñòè, ïîäíèìàòüñÿface="Times New Roman Star"o"n- (u"n-) (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"o"n- (u"n-) (MK)

face="Times New Roman Star"o"n- (Pav. C.)face="Times New Roman Star"un-face="Times New Roman Star"u"n-face="Times New Roman Star"u"n-
face="Times New Roman Star"o":n-


face="Times New Roman Star"hin-face="Times New Roman Star"@w|n-face="Times New Roman Star"u":n-face="Times New Roman Star"u":n-face="Times New Roman Star"u"n-
face="Times New Roman Star"o"n-face="Times New Roman Star"o"n-




face="Times New Roman Star"o"n-

face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 169, VEWT 372, ÝÑÒß 1, 530-532, Ìóäðàê Äèññ. 77, 137, Åãîðîâ 40-41, Clark 1977, 161, Stachowski 255.
face="Times New Roman Star"*(i)a:kaface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 elder brother; elder uncle; father; grandfather 2 respectful address 3 elderface="Times New Roman Star"1 ñòàðøèé áðàò; ñòàðøèé äÿäÿ; îòåö; äåäóøêà 2 ïî÷òèòåëüíîå îáðàùåíèå 3 ñòàðøèéface="Times New Roman Star"aqa 1 (OUygh., from I-t half of XIII century, see ÄÒÑ)
face="Times New Roman Star"ag|a 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"ag|a 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"aqa 1 (Oghuz-nama), ag|a 1 (Abush.), aqa (Pav. C.) 1face="Times New Roman Star"o|g|a 1face="Times New Roman Star"ag|a 1face="Times New Roman Star"aqa 1,2, qyz ag|a 'òåñòü' (ßÆÓ 11, 13)face="Times New Roman Star"ag|a 2face="Times New Roman Star"a:Ga 1face="Times New Roman Star"ag|a 1 ('father's father')face="Times New Roman Star"aqqa 'father's father'face="Times New Roman Star"aqa 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"ag|a 2
face="Times New Roman Star"ag|a 1 ('father'), 3face="Times New Roman Star"aga 'father'face="Times New Roman Star"aqy 1face="Times New Roman Star"ag|a 1face="Times New Roman Star"ag|a 1face="Times New Roman Star"ag|a 1, 3face="Times New Roman Star"ag|a 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"ag|aj 1, 2
face="Times New Roman Star"ag|a 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"aqa 2 (K), ag|a 2, 3 (K, T)face="Times New Roman Star"ag|a 1, 2
face="Times New Roman Star"ag|a 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 13, ÝÑÒß 1, 70-71, 121-122, Ëåêñèêà 291, Stachowski 28. Note the expressive gemination of the medial -k- in Tuva and elsewhere.
face="Times New Roman Star"*e:.g-id-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to grow, bring up 2 high, raised up 3 hugeface="Times New Roman Star"1 ðàñòèòü, âîñïèòûâàòü 2 âûñîêèé, ïîäíÿòûé 3 îãðîìíûéface="Times New Roman Star"igid-, egid- 1, ediz (< *e:dgir/) 2 (Orkh., OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"igid|- 1, ed|iz 2 (MK)






face="Times New Roman Star"a":girt 3




face="Times New Roman Star"i:t- 1face="Times New Roman Star"i:t- 1











face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 73, 103, VEWT 36, 169, ÝÑÒß 1, 224-225, Stachowski 131.
face="Times New Roman Star"*(i)a:l/-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to cross (a mountain) 2 to surpassface="Times New Roman Star"1 ïåðåõîäèòü (÷åðåç ãîðó) 2 ïðåâîñõîäèòüface="Times New Roman Star"as?- 1 (Orkh., OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"as?- 1 (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"as?- 1face="Times New Roman Star"as?- 2face="Times New Roman Star"as?- 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"o|s?- 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"as?- 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"as- 1face="Times New Roman Star"as?- 1face="Times New Roman Star"a:s?- 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"as- 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"as- 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"as?- 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"a:s?- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"a:s- 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"a:s- 'to go by'face="Times New Roman Star"as?- 1, 2
face="Times New Roman Star"as?- 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"as- 1, 2
face="Times New Roman Star"as?- 2
face="Times New Roman Star"as?- 'to go beyond the range of vision'face="Times New Roman Star"as?- 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"as- 1

face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 30, ÝÑÒß 1, 212-214, EDT 255, Stachowski 41. The OT gerund as?ru 'having crossed over, exceeded > very' > Mong. asuru (Clark 1980, 42, Ùåðáàê 1997, 102-103).
face="Times New Roman Star"*siar/face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"marsh, dirtface="Times New Roman Star"áîëîòî, ãðÿçü


face="Times New Roman Star"sazface="Times New Roman Star"saz (Houts.)face="Times New Roman Star"so|zface="Times New Roman Star"saz


face="Times New Roman Star"sas
face="Times New Roman Star"sas
face="Times New Roman Star"s?or(ú)



face="Times New Roman Star"saz
face="Times New Roman Star"sazface="Times New Roman Star"had|





face="Times New Roman Star"It is not quite clear whether the Oghuz name for 'reed' (Tur. saz, Turkm., Gag. sa:z, see Ëåêñèêà 135, ÝÑÒß 7) and 'swamp' as 'reed growth' (Tur. sazlyk, Turkm. sa:zlyq) belongs here, too, or else reflect a different root. In the former case one should prefer the reconstruction *sia:r/. See VEWT 406, TMN 3, 222, Ëåêñèêà 93, ÝÑÒß 7, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 462. Bulg. > Hung. sa/r 'dirt', see Gombocz 1912, MNyTESz 3, 487-488.
face="Times New Roman Star"*a>m-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 gentle, quiet 2 to love, desire, rejoice 3 politeness 4 beloved 5 to be quietface="Times New Roman Star"1 òèõèé, ñïîêîéíûé 2 ëþáèòü, ðàäîâàòüñÿ 3 âåæëèâîñòü 4 ìèëûé, ëþáèìûé 5 áûòü ñïîêîéíûìface="Times New Roman Star"amul, amyl 1, amraq 4, amyr-, amran- 2, amryl- 5 (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"amul 1, amraq 4, amyrt- 'to calm', amryl- 5 (MK, KB)face="Times New Roman Star"ymyl, umul 1 (dial.)
face="Times New Roman Star"ymrag| 4
face="Times New Roman Star"amraq 4face="Times New Roman Star"amyr 1, amyra- 5

face="Times New Roman Star"amyr 1, amyra- 5
face="Times New Roman Star"amyr 1, amyra- 5face="Times New Roman Star"havul 'good' (?)face="Times New Roman Star"úw|múw|r 'quiet and grey (weather)'face="Times New Roman Star"amarax, amyrax 'compassionate'face="Times New Roman Star"amarak 'compassionate'face="Times New Roman Star"amyr 1, amyra- 2, amyraq 3
face="Times New Roman Star"amyz 'honour'


face="Times New Roman Star"amyr 'desire'



face="Times New Roman Star"amraq 'disposition, aptitude'face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 160-161, 162-163, 164, VEWT 19, ÝÑÒß 1, 59-60 (confused with abra- 'to save' < Mong.), Stachowski 33, TMN 2, 125, Ôåäîòîâ 1, 82. Turk. > MMong. amrax| 'sweetheart', amurag| 'friend' (IM), amraq bol- 'to fall in love' (MA), amara- 'sich lieben', amarah 'Liebe' (SH), Mgr amurag| 'friend' (Òîä. Ìãð. 314) etc.; but modern Kypchak and Siberian forms may be reborrowed < Mong.
face="Times New Roman Star"*kele-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to speak 2 talk, conversationface="Times New Roman Star"1 ãîâîðèòü 2 ðå÷ü, ñëîâîface="Times New Roman Star"kele-c?u" 2
face="Times New Roman Star"dial. kelez?|i 2
face="Times New Roman Star"kelec?i 2 (Houts.), kelec?e 2 (MA)








face="Times New Roman Star"kala- 1



face="Times New Roman Star"kelec?-so"z 2








face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 248, ÝÑÒß 5, 32-33, EDT 716 (Clauson considers the word to be a foreign loan which is dubious, see Clark 1977, 136-138). It is also worth mentioning Tur. kelime, Az. ka"lma" 'word', Turkm. keleme 'sacred words of Qur'an pronounced for protection' - usually regarded as Arabisms, but with some peculiarities (front vocalism, final -e) that could actually indicate Turkic origin, with a secondary merger with the Arabic loan.
,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,
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