face="Times New Roman Star"1 bone 2 spongy bone 3 cartilage
face="Times New Roman Star"1 êîñòü 2 ãóá÷àòàÿ êîñòü 3 õðÿù
face="Times New Roman Star"kemik 1
face="Times New Roman Star"kimek 2
face="Times New Roman Star"kemu"k (MA) 3, ko"mu"k (Pav. C.) 1
face="Times New Roman Star"ko|mik, ge|mik (dial.) 2
face="Times New Roman Star"ke:mik 3
face="Times New Roman Star"kemik 2
face="Times New Roman Star"kemik 2
face="Times New Roman Star"kemik 2
face="Times New Roman Star"kimek 2
face="Times New Roman Star"gemik 2
face="Times New Roman Star"kemik 1
face="Times New Roman Star"kemyk 1
face="Times New Roman Star"kemik 2
face="Times New Roman Star"gemik 3
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 251, EDT 722, ÝÑÒß 5, 36-38, Ëåêñèêà 261-262. Turk. > Mong. kemik 'cartilage' (see Ùåðáàê 1997, 126; but the derivation of the Turk. form from *gemu"r- 'to gnaw' (v. sub *ke>\ma) is a folk etymology, although some contaminations were possible: Yak. ko"mu"ru"o" 'spongy bone' semantically continues *kemu"k, but formally is derived from *gemu"r-. MK has kemdi- 'to cut meat from the bones' and kemdu"k 'bone with meat cut off' - forms that may be related both to *kemu"k and *gemu"r-.
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 180, TMN 4, 201-202, EDT 897, ÝÑÒß 4, 62, 81-82, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 146, Ëåêñèêà 362. This stem should be distinguished from *jan- 'to burn (intr.)'.
face="Times New Roman Star"*ko"pek
face="Times New Roman Star"1 dog 2 hound 3 sheep-dog 4 yard dog 5 puppy
face="Times New Roman Star"1 ñîáàêà 2 îõîòíè÷èé ïåñ 3 îâ÷àðêà 4 äâîðîâàÿ ñîáàêà 5 ùåíîê
face="Times New Roman Star"ko"pek (Pav. C., AH) 1, ko"belek 2 (OKypch.)
face="Times New Roman Star"ko.ppa"k 1; ko"pa"k 1 (dial.)
face="Times New Roman Star"ko"pa"k 1
face="Times New Roman Star"ko"pek 1
face="Times New Roman Star"ko"bo"k 'ethnonym; name of a hero'
face="Times New Roman Star"ko"pek 1
face="Times New Roman Star"ko"pek 1
face="Times New Roman Star"ko"pe 1 (K)
face="Times New Roman Star"ko"pek 1
face="Times New Roman Star"ko"belek 3, go"ben it 4
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 291, TMN 3, 646-647, ÝÑÒß 5, 111-112, Ëåêñèêà 189. Basically an Oghuz word, but cf. also Kum. go"ben, OKypch. ko"belek 'shepherd's dog' (Bulgat, ad-Durr., Houts., AH) = Tur. dial. go"belek 'puppy' (possibly < Kypch.), see ÝÑÒß ibid. Despite ÝÑÒß, Kirgh. qara ko"bo"lo"k 'evil spirit appearing as a girl dressed in black and with a black greyhound' is rather = ko"bo"lo"k 'butterfly' (cf. the archaic mythological motive of evil spirit appearing as a butterfly), but a contamination with the word for dog attested in Old Kypchak also cannot be excluded. However, Kalm. ko"wl@g 'greyhound' is not < Kirgh., but from Old Kypchak. The same source is probable for Russ. êîáåëü, dimin. êîáåëå'ê (a re-analysis?) - the word is absent in other Slavic languages, the list of absolutely hopeless etymological attempts can be found in Ôàñìåð II 267. It was attested for the first time in 1599 as a term for a hounting hound: ó ãîñóäàðåâû öàðåâû îõîòû ó êîáåëåé ó ìåäåëÿíñêèõú; the form êîáåëåê (attested in 1673) see in ÑÐß XI-XVIII, 7, 208. Turk. > Hung. kopo/ 'bloodhound', see Gombocz 1912 (Doerfer in TMN 3, 647 objects, but the word has no Finno-Ugric etymology).
face="Times New Roman Star"1 many, very 2 vile, hooligan 3 to gather, multiply 4 group, crowd
face="Times New Roman Star"1 ìíîãî, î÷åíü 2 äóðíîé, õóëèãàí, áàëîâíèê 3 ñîáèðàòü(ñÿ), ðàçìíîæàòü(ñÿ) 4 òîëïà, ìíîæåñòâî
face="Times New Roman Star"c?oq 1 (ÄÒÑ - KB), c?o:q 2 (MK - Oghuz), c?og|-al- 3
face="Times New Roman Star"c?ok (-g|u) 1, c?og|al- 3
face="Times New Roman Star"c?oq 1 (Sangl., Oghuz-nama, AH), c?oq- 3 (Abush.)
face="Times New Roman Star"c?ox 1, c?oxal- 3
face="Times New Roman Star"c?oq (-qu) 4
face="Times New Roman Star"sox 2
face="Times New Roman Star"c?oq- 3
face="Times New Roman Star"s?og| 2
face="Times New Roman Star"c?oq 1
face="Times New Roman Star"s?og|yr 4
face="Times New Roman Star"s?oq 'äðóæíî'
face="Times New Roman Star"c?oju 4, c?oq-la-n- 3
face="Times New Roman Star"c?oq 1, c?og|y 4 (K)
face="Times New Roman Star"s?oq 2, 4
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 113, EDT 405, 406. The Oghuz adverb 'much', in the 12th c. (KB) 'very, extremely', is probably the same word as c?oq 'bad, vile'(Ogh. 11) (cf. also the Tuva parallel). Turk. > Mong. (Khalkha) cox in coxxara 'very black'. The identification of c?oq-(la-) 'gather, collect' with c?og|-la- 'to bind, pack' (ÄÒÑ) or c?oq- 'to bend' (EDT) is rather dubious. Vocalic length is unclear (cf. the voicing of -k- in Western Oghuz).
face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 937-8. Historically the root should be probably kept distinct from *jum- 'round' and *jumurtka 'egg' - although internal contaminations were of course inevitable.
face="Times New Roman Star"kurz?|ag|a 'small parasites'
face="Times New Roman Star"kurz?|aga
face="Times New Roman Star"qu'rt
face="Times New Roman Star"qu'rt
face="Times New Roman Star"qurt
face="Times New Roman Star"qu_rt
face="Times New Roman Star"qurt
face="Times New Roman Star"qurt
face="Times New Roman Star"qurt
face="Times New Roman Star"qurt
face="Times New Roman Star"See VEWT 303-4 (although we prefer to separate *Ku:rt 'worm' and *Ku:rt 'wolf'), EDT 648, Ëåêñèêà 181, ÝÑÒß 6, 167-168, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 367-368, Stachowski 162.
face="Times New Roman Star"1 breast (fem.) 2 to suck 3 nipple
face="Times New Roman Star"1 ãðóäü (æåí.) 2 ñîñàòü 3 ñîñîê
face="Times New Roman Star"emig 1 (OUygh.)
face="Times New Roman Star"e.m- 2 (MK), e.mig 1 (MK)
face="Times New Roman Star"em- 2, emz?|ik 1
face="Times New Roman Star"im- 2, imc?e|k 1
face="Times New Roman Star"e.m- 2 (Pav. C.), emc?ek 1 (Abush.)
face="Times New Roman Star"emc?ak 1
face="Times New Roman Star"a"m- 2, a"mc?a"k 1
face="Times New Roman Star"emyg| 1
face="Times New Roman Star"a"mz?|a"k 3
face="Times New Roman Star"em- 2, emz?|ek 1
face="Times New Roman Star"em- 2, imz?|ek 1
face="Times New Roman Star"a"m- 2
face="Times New Roman Star"@w|m- 2
face="Times New Roman Star"em- 2, emi:j 1
face="Times New Roman Star"emij 1
face="Times New Roman Star"em- 2, emig 1
face="Times New Roman Star"em- 2, emij 'udder'
face="Times New Roman Star"emc?ek 1
face="Times New Roman Star"ems?ek 1
face="Times New Roman Star"imsa"k 1
face="Times New Roman Star"ems?ek 1
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 41-2, EDT 158-9, ÝÑÒß 1, 271-272, Åãîðîâ 63, Ëåêñèêà 273-274, Stachowski 45. PT *em-ig and *em-c?ek (the latter form is first attested in the 13th c.) are derived from *em- 'to suck'.
face="Times New Roman Star"qajry 1, dial. qajyz 1; qajyzla- 4
face="Times New Roman Star"qazg|o|q 3
face="Times New Roman Star"qazdyq 1
face="Times New Roman Star"xastyryx 1
face="Times New Roman Star"xujúr 1
face="Times New Roman Star"qatyryk 1; xasta:- 'to skin'
face="Times New Roman Star"kasta:- 'to skin'
face="Times New Roman Star"qazyryq 2, qazy- 4
face="Times New Roman Star"qa's- 5
face="Times New Roman Star"qajyzg|aq 3
face="Times New Roman Star"qajyzg|aq 3
face="Times New Roman Star"qajry, dial. qajyd| 1
face="Times New Roman Star"qajyzg|aq 3
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 218, 243, EDT 608, 665, ÝÑÒß 5, 211-212, 328, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 352, Ëåêñèêà 107. The original form here is *Kar/; a suffixed form was *Kar/dy(r/), later simplified to *Kadyr/. This can be clearly seen from forms like SUygh. and Khak. Another possible explanation could be an early dissimilation (*Kar/-yr/ > *Kadyr/ = *Kad|yr/, or already after the zetacism, *Kazyz > *Kad|yz). There is some confusion between *Kar/ and *Kas, *Kasuk in Old Turkic, but MK definitely spells the word as qaz.
face="Times New Roman Star"tekirme, tekirmi (Pav. C.)
face="Times New Roman Star"tu.garak
face="Times New Roman Star"du"gla"k
face="Times New Roman Star"doGyr
face="Times New Roman Star"da"jirmi
face="Times New Roman Star"tegelek, toGalaq
face="Times New Roman Star"tog|ylax
face="Times New Roman Star"tog|alaq
face="Times New Roman Star"tog|oloq
face="Times New Roman Star"t@w|g@w|r 'mirror'
face="Times New Roman Star"tu"o"rem (poet.) 'round', tier- 'to turn round'
face="Times New Roman Star"tier- 'to turn round'
face="Times New Roman Star"to"gerik
face="Times New Roman Star"to":rej
face="Times New Roman Star"tegerek
face="Times New Roman Star"to"gerek
face="Times New Roman Star"tu"n|a"ra"k
face="Times New Roman Star"to"gerek
face="Times New Roman Star"togerek
face="Times New Roman Star"do"n|gelek
face="Times New Roman Star"ÝÑÒß 3, 176-179, 281-282, Stachowski 222, 227. One of several expressive common Turkic roots meaning 'round' and displaying phonetic irregularities. Some modern Turkic forms (not listed above) are probably borrowed from Mongolian: cf., in particular, Yak. to"gu":r, to"gu"ru"k, Dolg. to"gu"ru"k ( > Evk. tug|uruk). Cf. also Ëåêñèêà 400 (with forms reflecting PT *teker). Bulg. > Hung. tu"ko"r 'mirror', see MNyTESz 3, 1010.
face="Times New Roman Star"tu"n 1 (MK, KB), du"n, tu"n 'night, dark' (IM)
face="Times New Roman Star"tu"n 1, du"n 2
face="Times New Roman Star"to"n 1
face="Times New Roman Star"tu"n 1 (Abush.), 'dark' (Sangl.)
face="Times New Roman Star"tun 1
face="Times New Roman Star"tu"n 1
face="Times New Roman Star"tune, tu"n 1
face="Times New Roman Star"du"na"n 1
face="Times New Roman Star"tu"n 1, du":n 2
face="Times New Roman Star"tu"n 1, 'dark'
face="Times New Roman Star"tu"n 1
face="Times New Roman Star"tu"n 1
face="Times New Roman Star"tu":n 1
face="Times New Roman Star"tu":n
face="Times New Roman Star"du"n 1
face="Times New Roman Star"du"n 1
face="Times New Roman Star"tu"n 1
face="Times New Roman Star"tun 1
face="Times New Roman Star"tu"n 1
face="Times New Roman Star"to"n 1
face="Times New Roman Star"tu"n 1
face="Times New Roman Star"du"n 2
face="Times New Roman Star"tu"n 1
face="Times New Roman Star"tu"n 1
face="Times New Roman Star"tun, tu"n 1
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 505, EDT 513, ÝÑÒß 3, 315-316, Ëåêñèêà 81, Stachowski 236. Cf. also Yak. tu"n| 'dark, darkness' (< *tu"n-Vk). The variant *du":n, reflected in some languages, is obviously due to a secondary influence of *du":l/ 'dream' (v. sub *t`u:l/ke), as well as the archaic compound *tu"-gu"n 'yesterday' (*'that day'), preserved in: Tur. dial. du"hu"n, SUygh. tugyn, Tuva, Tof. du":n.
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 516, TMN 2, 47, EDT 214-5, ÝÑÒß 1, 604-606, Ëåêñèêà 115-116, 307, 323-324, Stachowski 246. Deriving the word from *ur- 'beat, hit' (VEWT) is of course incorrect. Some forms reflect a variant form *uru-lyk. Turk. > Mong. urug| (see TMN 2, 51, Ùåðáàê 1997, 162).
face="Times New Roman Star"1 to say 2 to prescribe, tell 3 to ask, demand 4 to concern
face="Times New Roman Star"1 ãîâîðèòü 2 óêàçûâàòü, ïðåäïèñûâàòü 3 ïðîñèòü 4 êàñàòüñÿ ÷.-ë.
face="Times New Roman Star"ajyt- 3 (OUygh.), ajy- 1 (OUygh.)
face="Times New Roman Star"aj-, ajyt- 1 (MK), ajyt- 3 (KB)
face="Times New Roman Star"ait- 4
face="Times New Roman Star"e|jt- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"aj(y)t- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"ajt- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"ejt- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"ajt- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"ajt- 1 (dial.), ajyt- 'sing'
face="Times New Roman Star"ha:j- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"yjt- 3
face="Times New Roman Star"yj- 2, yjyt- 3
face="Times New Roman Star"yjyt- 3
face="Times New Roman Star"ajyt- 2
face="Times New Roman Star"ajyt- 2
face="Times New Roman Star"ajt- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"ajt- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"a"jt- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"ajt- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"ajt- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 10, ÝÑÒß 1, 99-100, 111-112, Åãîðîâ 342, EDT 268-9, Stachowski 259. PT *a.jyt- is derived from *a.j- 'to point out, prescribe'. Before the 11th c. it had only a causative meaning; the meaning 'say, tell' developed later.
face="Times New Roman Star"1 smoke 2 soot, dirty smoke 3 scent, odour 4 fumes
face="Times New Roman Star"1 äûì 2 êîïîòü, ñàæà 3 çàïàõ, àðîìàò 4 èñïàðåíèÿ
face="Times New Roman Star"is 2
face="Times New Roman Star"is 3
face="Times New Roman Star"is 1
face="Times New Roman Star"his 2
face="Times New Roman Star"y:s 3
face="Times New Roman Star"jús 3
face="Times New Roman Star"y:s 1, 2
face="Times New Roman Star"y:s 1, 2
face="Times New Roman Star"is 4
face="Times New Roman Star"ijis 3
face="Times New Roman Star"ijis 3
face="Times New Roman Star"ÝÑÒß 1, 379, Åãîðîâ 76, Stachowski 263. The original meaning must have been 'smell, odour', see notes to *y:l/(c?) (cf. the opposition ys 'soot' - ijis 'smell' in Nogai etc.).