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▴ Proto-Turkic▴ Altaic etymology▴ Meaning▴ Russian meaning▴ Old Turkic▴ Karakhanid▴ Turkish▴ Tatar▴ Middle Turkic▴ Uzbek▴ Uighur▴ Sary-Yughur▴ Azerbaidzhan▴ Turkmen▴ Khakassian▴ Shor▴ Oyrat▴ Halaj▴ Chuvash▴ Yakut▴ Dolgan▴ Tuva▴ Tofalar▴ Kirghiz▴ Kazakh▴ Noghai▴ Bashkir▴ Balkar▴ Gagauz▴ Karaim▴ Karakalpak▴ Salar▴ Kumyk▴ Commentsface="Times New Roman Star"*c?u"meli face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"ant face="Times New Roman Star"ìóðàâåé face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"meli (OUygh.) face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"meli (MK - Chigil) face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"mo"ldu" (R - Bar.) face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"/umadu 'small ants' (Pav. C. ) face="Times New Roman Star"c?umo|li face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"ma"la" (R - Tar.) face="Times New Roman Star"c?umaly, dial. c?ubaly face="Times New Roman Star"s?ymyl 'maggot' face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 423, VEWT 121, Ëåêñèêà 184.
face="Times New Roman Star"*c?o"p face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"1 dregs, impurity, rubbish 2 stick, small branch, straw 3 penis 4 grass, hay face="Times New Roman Star"1 ìóñîð 2 ïàëî÷êà, âåòî÷êà, ñîëîìèíêà 3 penis 4 òðàâà, ñåíî face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"b, c?o"bik 1 (OUygh. Budd.) face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"b 'dregs of wine; any piece of noodles'; c?u"bek 3 (MK ; with Kypch. phonology s?o"bik 'îãðûçîê îò ôðóêòà') face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"p 1, 2, 3 face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"p 1, c?u"bek 'oakum, combings' face="Times New Roman Star"c?u/u"b 2 (Pav. C. ), 1 (Sangl. ) face="Times New Roman Star"c?u.p 1, 2 face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"p 'grass; noodles' face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"p 2 face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"p 2 face="Times New Roman Star"s?o"p 1, s?o"bek 'hemp straw' face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"p 1; 4; afterbirth' face="Times New Roman Star"s/u"p@ 1; 'newborn child' face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"p 4; 'afterbirth'; c?o"bo"go" 'dregs after boiling butter' face="Times New Roman Star"s?o"p 1, 4 face="Times New Roman Star"s?o"p 1, 2 face="Times New Roman Star"su"p 1, 'weed' face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"b 2, 4 face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"p, c?ep 'gag in a barrel', c?epka" 'grapevine, wine dregs', c?epel 'dirty' face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"p 1, 4 face="Times New Roman Star"s?o"p 1, 4 face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"p 'weed, grass' face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"p 1, 'weed; lot' face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 118, EDT 394, 396, Åãîðîâ 323, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 148. Turk. > Russ. Siber. c?up 'dregs', see Àíèêèí 677.
face="Times New Roman Star"*c?ok- face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"1 to peck 2 to delve, dig 3 to pick at 4 to stab 5 to pick (eyes) 6 pitfall, delve face="Times New Roman Star"1 êëåâàòü 2 äîëáèòü, êîïàòü 3 êîâûðÿòü 4 çàêàëûâàòü 5 âûêàëûâàòü (ãëàçà) 6 ðûòâèíà, óãëóáëåíèå face="Times New Roman Star"c?oq- 4 (OUygh.) face="Times New Roman Star"c?oq- 'to rush at the prey (of a bird)' (MK ) face="Times New Roman Star"c?oku- 1, c?ukur 6 face="Times New Roman Star"c?uqy- 1, c?oqy- 2 face="Times New Roman Star"c?o/uqu- (Sangl. , Pav. C. (5)); c?uqur 6 (Sangl. ; starting with Old Kypch.); c?ux-la- 3 (MA 137) face="Times New Roman Star"c?u.qi- 1, c?uqu-la- 2, 3, c?uqur 6 face="Times New Roman Star"c?oqu- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"c?uxur 6 face="Times New Roman Star"c?oq- 1, c?uqanaq, c?uxur 6 face="Times New Roman Star"sox-la- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"c?oqu- 1, 3 face="Times New Roman Star"c?oqu- 1, c?uqu- 3 face="Times New Roman Star"s?oqy- 1, s?uqy- 1, 3 face="Times New Roman Star"s?oqy- 1, s?uqy- 2, 3 face="Times New Roman Star"suqy- 1, soqo- 2, 3 face="Times New Roman Star"c?uqur 6 face="Times New Roman Star"c?oq- 'to sting', c?og|y- 1 (K), c?/ñuqu/yr 6 face="Times New Roman Star"s?oqy- 1, s?uqy- 2, 3 face="Times New Roman Star"c?oqu- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 114, 119, EDT 406. Kypchak languages suggest a distinction between *c?oky- 'to peck' and *c?uky- 'to dig, delve', absent elsewhere, and possibly a result of interdialectal loans.
face="Times New Roman Star"*c?ortan face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"1 eel 2 pike face="Times New Roman Star"1 óãîðü 2 ùóêà face="Times New Roman Star"c?ortan 1 face="Times New Roman Star"c?urtan 2 face="Times New Roman Star"c?u.rtan 1 face="Times New Roman Star"c?ortan 2 face="Times New Roman Star"sortan 2 face="Times New Roman Star"s?ortan 2 face="Times New Roman Star"c?orton 2 face="Times New Roman Star"s/úw|rdan, s/úw|rtan 2 face="Times New Roman Star"sordon| 2 face="Times New Roman Star"hordon| 2 face="Times New Roman Star"s?ortan 2 face="Times New Roman Star"c?orton 2 face="Times New Roman Star"s?ortan 2 face="Times New Roman Star"s?ortan 2 face="Times New Roman Star"sortan 2 face="Times New Roman Star"s?ortan 2 face="Times New Roman Star"c?ortan 2 face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 116, Ëåêñèêà 178, Stachowski 108.
face="Times New Roman Star"*c?ib face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"1 nail, peg 2 corner 3 penis 4 fir face="Times New Roman Star"1 ãâîçäü, êîëûøåê, ÷åêà 2 óãîë 3 penis 4 õâîéíîå äåðåâî face="Times New Roman Star"c?y/iv 2 (OUygh.) face="Times New Roman Star"(c?iz?| 1 MK - a miswriting instead *c?iv?) face="Times New Roman Star"c?ivi 1 face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"j 'wedge, cotter' face="Times New Roman Star"c?uv 1 face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"a" 3 (R, by animals), c?iva" 'space between legs above the knees', c?ivila"n 'back saddlegirth' (fixed with a wooden peg) face="Times New Roman Star"c?iv 1 face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"j 1 face="Times New Roman Star"c?iis? 'wedge' face="Times New Roman Star"s?u"j 1 face="Times New Roman Star"so"j 1 face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"j 1 face="Times New Roman Star"c?ivi 1 face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"j, c?u"w, (K) c?ivij 1 face="Times New Roman Star"s?u"j 1 face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"j 1 face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 110, 121, EDT 393-394, 396, Ëåêñèêà 125, 398. Because of well known semantic correlations of the type 'penis': 'thorn': 'fir (needle)' it is tempting to compare also the name of the fir-tree: Tat. dial. (ÊÑÒÒ ) c?ivi, cyvy, Khak. syby, Shor s?u"be, Oyr. c?ibi (Tuba c?yby), Tuva s?ivi, Tof. s?ibi. However, the intermediate form meaning 'thorn' is not attested, and the medial consonant here is rather *-p- (unless we suppose interdialectal loans), so it may be unrelated.
face="Times New Roman Star"*sybul/gan face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"earth-worm face="Times New Roman Star"÷åðâü, äîæäåâîé ÷åðâü face="Times New Roman Star"sovus?g|an (MK ) face="Times New Roman Star"soluz?|an face="Times New Roman Star"sualc?an face="Times New Roman Star"sog|ulz?|an (AH , Pav. C. ), solunz?|an (AH ) face="Times New Roman Star"c?uwalc?an| face="Times New Roman Star"c?uwalc?an| face="Times New Roman Star"soxulz?|an face="Times New Roman Star"sog|ulz?|an face="Times New Roman Star"so:sxan (dial.), somysxan face="Times New Roman Star"c?ojlos?qon face="Times New Roman Star"s?úw|vúw|rúw|lz?|an, s/o"lz/en, s/@w|v@w|lz/en face="Times New Roman Star"s?yjlas?qyn face="Times New Roman Star"so":lz?|an, so"ju"lz?|an face="Times New Roman Star"s?ylaws?an face="Times New Roman Star"si>la"wsi>n face="Times New Roman Star"suwalc?an face="Times New Roman Star"soluz?|an face="Times New Roman Star"suwalc?an, swalcan face="Times New Roman Star"sug|ulz?|un face="Times New Roman Star"suwalc?an face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 425, EDT 793-794. The PT form can be reconstructed despite numerous expressive irregularities.
face="Times New Roman Star"*de:- face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"to say face="Times New Roman Star"ñêàçàòü, ãîâîðèòü face="Times New Roman Star"te- (Orkh., OUygh.) face="Times New Roman Star"te- (MK , KB ) 1 face="Times New Roman Star"de- face="Times New Roman Star"di- face="Times New Roman Star"di- (Abush. ), te- (MA ) face="Times New Roman Star"de- face="Times New Roman Star"da"- face="Times New Roman Star"di- face="Times New Roman Star"de- face="Times New Roman Star"di:- face="Times New Roman Star"t@- face="Times New Roman Star"te- face="Times New Roman Star"de- face="Times New Roman Star"te- face="Times New Roman Star"die- face="Times New Roman Star"die- face="Times New Roman Star"de- face="Times New Roman Star"de- face="Times New Roman Star"te- face="Times New Roman Star"de- face="Times New Roman Star"de- face="Times New Roman Star"ti- face="Times New Roman Star"de- face="Times New Roman Star"de- face="Times New Roman Star"de- face="Times New Roman Star"de- face="Times New Roman Star"dij- face="Times New Roman Star"de- face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 467-8, EDT 433-4, ÝÑÒß 3, 221-224, Stachowski 79. Kypchak and some other languages preserve voiced d- due to the word's grammaticalized usage.
face="Times New Roman Star"*de.g- face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"to touch, to reach face="Times New Roman Star"äîòðàãèâàòüñÿ, äîñòèãàòü face="Times New Roman Star"teg- (Orkh., OUygh.) face="Times New Roman Star"teg- (MK , KB ) face="Times New Roman Star"dej- face="Times New Roman Star"tij- face="Times New Roman Star"teg- (Sangl. , Abush. ) face="Times New Roman Star"deg- face="Times New Roman Star"ta"g- face="Times New Roman Star"da"j- face="Times New Roman Star"deg- face="Times New Roman Star"tig- face="Times New Roman Star"teg- face="Times New Roman Star"tij- face="Times New Roman Star"ta"j- face="Times New Roman Star"tiv- face="Times New Roman Star"ti:-j- face="Times New Roman Star"ti:j- face="Times New Roman Star"deg- face="Times New Roman Star"deg- face="Times New Roman Star"tij- face="Times New Roman Star"tij- face="Times New Roman Star"tij- face="Times New Roman Star"tej- face="Times New Roman Star"tij- face="Times New Roman Star"di- face="Times New Roman Star"tij- face="Times New Roman Star"tij- face="Times New Roman Star"tij- face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 468-469, EDT 476, ÝÑÒß 3, 173-175, Stachowski 224. Sal. des?-, dial. tes?-, tejis?- 'to burn' must be derived from the same root ("to reach fire"). A very complicated issue is the relationship of this root to PT *de:k, *de:ki- 'to, up to' (usually acting as a postposition) - see ÝÑÒß 2, 182-185, EDT 477 (added should be also Yak. dieki 'in the direction of', Dolg. diek, diegi 'side', see Stachowski 79). The phonology here is quite puzzling: one would be tempted to regard the medial -k- as an archaism (see below on the irregularity of *-g- in Turkic), but the open long *-e:- presents great difficulties (since the verbal root itself most definitely has a short closed *-e.-). A possible solution is to correct the reconstruction *de:k(i) to *de.ge-ki and regard the *-k(i) as an original locative suffix; this seems plausible because another attested form of the postposition is *de.gi-n (cf. especially reflexes like Tat. dial. tin|, KKalp. dejin, Kaz. deji>n, Nogh. dejim).
face="Times New Roman Star"*a:d- face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"1 to sober up 2 sober, conscious face="Times New Roman Star"1 òðåçâåòü 2 òðåçâûé, ñîçíàòåëüíûé face="Times New Roman Star"adyn- (OUygh.) 1 face="Times New Roman Star"ad|yl- (MK ,KB ), ad|yn- (MK , KB ) 1, ad|yg| (MK ) 2 face="Times New Roman Star"ajyl-, dial. aj(yh)-, Osm. ajyn- 1, ajyk 2 face="Times New Roman Star"dial. ajyl- 1, ajyq 2 face="Times New Roman Star"ajyl- (Sangl. ) 1, ajyq (Houts. , Pav. C. , IM ) 2, ajyg| (IM , Qutb ) 2 face="Times New Roman Star"dial. ajyq 2 face="Times New Roman Star"ajyl- 1, ajyG 2 face="Times New Roman Star"a:jyl- 1, dial. ajyq 2 face="Times New Roman Star"ajyg| 2 face="Times New Roman Star"orúl- 1, orú 2 face="Times New Roman Star"ajyq- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"ajyq- 1, ajyq 2 face="Times New Roman Star"ajyq- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"ajyq- 1, ajyq 2 face="Times New Roman Star"ajyq- 1, ajyq 2 face="Times New Roman Star"ÝÑÒß 1, 113-114, EDT 46, 61, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 285.
face="Times New Roman Star"*ar- face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"1 weft, woof 2 warp face="Times New Roman Star"1 óòî/ê 2 îñíîâà òêàíè face="Times New Roman Star"arus?y arqag|y (Ough.) 1 face="Times New Roman Star"arqag| (MK , IM ) 1, arys? 2 face="Times New Roman Star"arg|ac? (-z?|y) 1, eris?, Osm. arys? 2 face="Times New Roman Star"arg|ac? (Sangl. ) 1, arys? (Sangl. ) 2 face="Times New Roman Star"dial. arg|a 1 face="Times New Roman Star"arqaq 1 face="Times New Roman Star"arg|az?| 1, a"ris? 2 face="Times New Roman Star"arGac? 1, arGa- 'øèòü êîå-êàê', eris? 2 face="Times New Roman Star"arg|a- 'âûøèâàòü ãëàäüþ' face="Times New Roman Star"arku: 1 face="Times New Roman Star"ura 1 face="Times New Roman Star"eris? 2 face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 25, 26 (confused with *arka-), EDT 216, 239, ÝÑÒß 1, 170, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 284, Ëåêñèêà 396. Turk. > WMong. arqag|, Kalm. arx@g| (KW 14, Ùåðáàê 1997 , 101). The front row variant *eril/ is peculiar: it may reflect a merger with a different root, reflected in Chuv. arla- `to spin', with possible parallels in Mong. ere- `to wind, tie round', Nan. (Kur-Urm.) erin `band, necking' (ÒÌÑ 2, 463).
face="Times New Roman Star"*a.ry- face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"1 clean, pure, to be clean 2 to clean, purify face="Times New Roman Star"1 ÷èñòûé, áûòü ÷èñòûì 2 ÷èñòèòü face="Times New Roman Star"aryg| (Orkh.), ary-, aryg| (OUygh.) 1, aryt- (OUygh.) 2 face="Times New Roman Star"ary-, aryg| (MK , KB ) 1, aryt- (MK , KB ) 2 face="Times New Roman Star"ary 1, art- 2, Osm. aryt- 'to wipe' face="Times New Roman Star"aru 1 face="Times New Roman Star"ary- (Abush. ), aryg| (Abush. , Sangl. , Qutb ), ary (Pav. C. ) 1, aryt- (Sangl. , Qutb ) 2 face="Times New Roman Star"dial. ari- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"eriq 1 face="Times New Roman Star"aryg| 1 face="Times New Roman Star"dial. ary 1, aryt- 2 face="Times New Roman Star"aryG 1, art- 2 face="Times New Roman Star"aryg| 1 face="Times New Roman Star"aru 1 face="Times New Roman Star"aryg| 1, arut- 2 face="Times New Roman Star"yrú 'good', irt- 'ïåðåáèðàòü ÿãîäû, î÷èùàòü äåðåâî îò ñó÷üåâ' face="Times New Roman Star"yra:s 1, yryt- 'ïåðåáèðàòü ÿãîäû' face="Times New Roman Star"yras 1 face="Times New Roman Star"aryg| 1, aryt- 2 face="Times New Roman Star"aru: 1 face="Times New Roman Star"aru 1 face="Times New Roman Star"aryw 1 face="Times New Roman Star"aryw 1 face="Times New Roman Star"aruw 1 face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 198, 213, VEWT 27, ÝÑÒß 1, 184-186, Ìóäðàê Äèññ. 182, Stachowski 261.
face="Times New Roman Star"*aryl/ face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"thill face="Times New Roman Star"îãëîáëÿ face="Times New Roman Star"dial. arys? face="Times New Roman Star"arys? face="Times New Roman Star"arys? (Pav. C. ) face="Times New Roman Star"dial. aris? face="Times New Roman Star"arys? face="Times New Roman Star"arys face="Times New Roman Star"arys face="Times New Roman Star"arys? face="Times New Roman Star"arys? face="Times New Roman Star"arys? face="Times New Roman Star"arys face="Times New Roman Star"arys? face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 26, TMN 2, 40-41, ÝÑÒß 1, 189-191, Ëåêñèêà 555. Turk. > Kalm. ars? 'thill' (KW 15). The word is attested late, and Clauson 1965, 166 proposes a loan < Arab. ?|aris..
face="Times New Roman Star"*e:tu"k face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"boot face="Times New Roman Star"áîòèíîê, ñàïîã face="Times New Roman Star"etu"k (OUygh.) face="Times New Roman Star"etu"k (MK ) face="Times New Roman Star"edik face="Times New Roman Star"iti>k face="Times New Roman Star"etu"k (Pav. C. ), o"tu"k (Áîð. Áàä. , Pav. C. ) face="Times New Roman Star"(dial.) a"dik, o"tik, o"tu"k face="Times New Roman Star"o"tu"k face="Times New Roman Star"a":dik face="Times New Roman Star"o"d@k face="Times New Roman Star"o"du"k face="Times New Roman Star"adú face="Times New Roman Star"eterbes face="Times New Roman Star"eterbes face="Times New Roman Star"idik face="Times New Roman Star"idik face="Times New Roman Star"o"tu"k face="Times New Roman Star"etik face="Times New Roman Star"etik face="Times New Roman Star"etik face="Times New Roman Star"i:tix, itix face="Times New Roman Star"etik face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 50, VEWT 52, ÝÑÒß 1, 319-321, Åãîðîâ 36, Ëåêñèêà 479, Stachowski 48.
face="Times New Roman Star"*c?u"gde face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"1 the projecting bone behind the ear 2 back of head 3 back of axe face="Times New Roman Star"1 âûñòóïàþùàÿ êîñòü çà óõîì 2 çàòûëîê 3 îáóõ òîïîðà face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"gte (OUygh.) 1 face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"gdei (MK ) 1 face="Times New Roman Star"(dial.) c?u"jda" 2 face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"wde 2, 3 face="Times New Roman Star"s/iv@t, s/u"t@ 'woman's plait' (Àøì. ) face="Times New Roman Star"s?u"jde 2, 3 face="Times New Roman Star"s?u"jde 2, cerebellum face="Times New Roman Star"s?o"jd|a" 'papilla of the first neck vertebra, back side of blade' face="Times New Roman Star"s?u"jde 2 face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 414, Åãîðîâ 213, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 116 (both gloss the Chuv. word as obscure), Ëåêñèêà 202.
face="Times New Roman Star"*tu"pi face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"1 high wind 2 dust-storm, storm face="Times New Roman Star"1 âüþãà 2 ïûëåâàÿ áóðÿ face="Times New Roman Star"tu"pi 1 (MK ) face="Times New Roman Star"tipi 2 face="Times New Roman Star"(dial.) du"bu"la"j 2 face="Times New Roman Star"tibi: 1, tip- 'to blow' face="Times New Roman Star"tibi: 1, tip- 'to blow (of a snowstorm)' face="Times New Roman Star"du"vu" 2 face="Times New Roman Star"to"p`o" 2 face="Times New Roman Star"du"belej 2 face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 436, VEWT 503, Ëåêñèêà 48, Stachowski 222, 223. The Uzb. and KKalp. forms may reflect a merger with PT *tu"ge-le(j) (v. sub *t`u>ge ).
face="Times New Roman Star"*emge- face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"1 to suffer, be tortured 2 bother, worry, pains face="Times New Roman Star"1 ñòðàäàòü, ïîäâåðãàòüñÿ ïûòêàì 2 õëîïîòû, ìó÷åíèå, òðóä face="Times New Roman Star"emge- (OUygh.) 1 face="Times New Roman Star"emge- 1, emgek 2 (MK ) face="Times New Roman Star"emen- 1, emek 2 face="Times New Roman Star"imge|n- 1, imge|k 2 face="Times New Roman Star"emgen- (AH , Pav. C. ) 1, emgek (AH , Abush. ), emek (Pav. C. ) 2 face="Times New Roman Star"dial. emge|k 2 face="Times New Roman Star"dial. e|mge|n- 1, e|mge|k 2 face="Times New Roman Star"a"ma"k 2 face="Times New Roman Star"emgen- 1, emgek 2 face="Times New Roman Star"aman- 1, amak 'illness' face="Times New Roman Star"emek 'decrepit' face="Times New Roman Star"en|bek 'chronic illness' face="Times New Roman Star"emgek 2 face="Times New Roman Star"en|bek 2 face="Times New Roman Star"embek 2 face="Times New Roman Star"imge|n- 1, imge|k 2 face="Times New Roman Star"emgen- 1, emgek 2 face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 159, VEWT 42, ÝÑÒß 1, 272-275, 25-26. Turk. > Mong. emge- (Ùåðáàê 1997 , 114).
face="Times New Roman Star"*bAl/-mak face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"boot, shoe face="Times New Roman Star"áîòèíîê, îáóâü face="Times New Roman Star"bas?maq (MK Oghuz), bas?aq (MK Chigil), bas?maq (IM ) face="Times New Roman Star"bas?mak, pas?mak face="Times New Roman Star"bas?maq face="Times New Roman Star"bas?maq (Sangl. , MA ) face="Times New Roman Star"dial. (Khorazm) bas?-lyq 'heel-piece of a boot' face="Times New Roman Star"bas?maG face="Times New Roman Star"bas?maq, pas?maq ("heel of a camel; boot") face="Times New Roman Star"bas?maq-ta- 'to sole (a boot)' face="Times New Roman Star"bas?maq face="Times New Roman Star"bas?maq face="Times New Roman Star"bas?maq face="Times New Roman Star"bas?maq face="Times New Roman Star"bas?maq face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 382-383, ÝÑÒß 2, 93-95, ÎÑÍß 3 69, TMN 2, 293-294. Doerfer's inner etymology (bas?mak with vowel elision < *bas?a-mak from *bas?a- 'to cut, make notches') is impossible: bas?a- is derived from *ba:l/(c?) 'wound' with a long vowel, while bas?mak has a short one.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Ka.jyr face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"1 salt steppe 2 sandbank 3 gravel 4 sand face="Times New Roman Star"1 ñîëîí÷àê 2 ïåñ÷àíûé áåðåã 3 ãðàâèé 4 ïåñîê face="Times New Roman Star"qajyr 1, 4 (MK Oghuz) face="Times New Roman Star"kajyr 2 face="Times New Roman Star"(OKypch.) qajyr (Houts. 94, AH 74) face="Times New Roman Star"dial. qe|jir 3 face="Times New Roman Star"dial. Gajyr 3, 4 face="Times New Roman Star"xújúr 4 face="Times New Roman Star"xajyr ta:s 3 face="Times New Roman Star"xajyr 1 face="Times New Roman Star"qajyr 2 face="Times New Roman Star"qajyr 4 face="Times New Roman Star"qajyr 2 face="Times New Roman Star"qajyr 3 face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 221-222, EDT 678, ÝÑÒß 5, 206, 217, Ëåêñèêà 97. Turk. > WMong. qajir, Kalm. xa":r (KW 180).
face="Times New Roman Star"*KAryl/- face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"wolf face="Times New Roman Star"âîëê face="Times New Roman Star"kas?kyr, dial. kas?g|yr 'a bear' face="Times New Roman Star"dial. qe|s?qir, dial. qe|rs?iqul face="Times New Roman Star"kas?kúr < Qypch. face="Times New Roman Star"qarys?qyr face="Times New Roman Star"qasqyr face="Times New Roman Star"qarysqyr, qasqyr face="Times New Roman Star"qas?qyr face="Times New Roman Star"qasqyr face="Times New Roman Star"Ëåêñèêà 160., ÝÑÒß 5, 352.
face="Times New Roman Star"*asyg face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"profit face="Times New Roman Star"ïðèáûëü, âûãîäà face="Times New Roman Star"asyg| (OUygh.) face="Times New Roman Star"asyg| (MK , KB ) face="Times New Roman Star"asy face="Times New Roman Star"asy (IM ), assyg| (Houts. ) face="Times New Roman Star"dial. as go"r- 'to help' face="Times New Roman Star"dial. assy face="Times New Roman Star"ozú face="Times New Roman Star"as face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 29, ÝÑÒß 1, 196-197, Åãîðîâ 277, Ëåêñèêà 344, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 290-291. Turk. > Mong. asig| > Man. ajsi (TMN 2, 58-59, Ùåðáàê 1997 , 102).
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