DSCCS: 347. pɘn= {pen=} stands for 'fire', -luʔ {-lu'} is a classifier for powders.
Shawi:ya-nuʔ ~ waɾi=a-nuʔ {yano' ~ huariano'}1
Hart 1988: 74, 246. The meaning of the root waɾi- {huari-} is unknown. -nuʔ {-nu'} is a classifier for powders.
Proto-Cahuapanan:*ya-luʔ1
Valenzuela 2011: #83 (*jaɾuʔ). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. Semantics and structure: A classifier for powders is suffixed in both languages. This must have been the case already in Proto-Cahuapanan.
Number:3
Word:bark
Shiwilu:čipi-tɘk {chipitek}1
DSCCS: 64. Polysemy: 'skin / bark / leather / fish scales'. -tɘk {-tek} is a classifier for skins and barks and it can also be used independently in the meaning 'bark / skin' [DSCCS: 441].
Shawi:šaʔwɨ-tɨʔ {sha'wë-të'}3
Hart 1988: 212, 429. Polysemy: 'leather / bark'. -tɨʔ {-të'} is a classifier for skins and barks. 3Sg: šaʔwɨ-tɨ̃ {sha'huëtën}.
Proto-Cahuapanan:
Not reconstructible. *=tɨk must have been a classifier.
Number:3
Word:bark
Shiwilu:tɘk {tek}2
DSCCS: 441. Polysemy: 'skin / bark'.
Shawi:
Proto-Cahuapanan:
Number:4
Word:belly
Shiwilu:ðuʔ {du'}1
DSCCS: 96. Polysemy: 'belly / abdomen'.
Shawi:yuʔ-nã {yo'nan}1
Hart 1988: 251. Polysemy: 'belly / abdomen / cotton ball / round fruit'. Distinct from ãpu-pi-tɨʔ {anpopitë'} 'stomach' [Hart 1988: 33]. Also used as a classifier morpheme for bellies [Hart 1988: 481].
Proto-Cahuapanan:*yuʔ1
Valenzuela 2011: #50 (*juʔ). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular.
DSCCS: 131. Glossed as 'jungle bird / bird'. Found as ilansɘɾ {ilanser} in most examples, cf. [DSCCS: 12, 42, 66]. Distinct from šumbula {shumpula} 'small bird (generic)' [DSCCS: 409].
Shawi:ãpiã-tɨ-wã {anpiantëhuan}2
Hart 1988: 33. Translated into Spanish as 'ave'. Derived from ãpiã-tɨʔ {anpiantë'} 'wing'.
Proto-Cahuapanan:*ɪlansiʔ1
Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular, except the variations in Shawi.
Hart 1988: 93. Translated into Spanish as 'pájaro'.
Proto-Cahuapanan:
Number:7
Word:bite
Shiwilu:kitɘk-ʎi {kiteklli}1
DSCCS: 197. Distinct from wɘʎ-ʎi {welli} 'to bite (of insects) / to sting' [DSCCS: 502].
Shawi:kɨtɨ-ɾĩ {quëtërin}1
Hart 1988: 197. Polysemy: 'to give / to work / to bite'. The absence of preaspiration is unclear. Distinct from wi-n-ĩ {huinin} 'to sting' [Hart 1988: 83], nahka-tɨ-ɾĩ {nacatërin} 'to chew' [Hart 1988: 115].
Proto-Cahuapanan:*kɪtɨ(ʔ)-1
Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. The presence of a root-final *ʔ is not recoverable. Semantics and structure: Distinct from *wi- 'to sting'.
Hart 1988: 248. Borrowed from a Quechuan language.
Proto-Cahuapanan:
Not reconstructible.
Number:9
Word:blood
Shiwilu:ukla-ðɘk {ukladek}1
DSCCS: 467. -ðɘk {-dek} is a classifier for liquids.
Shawi:wɨna-iʔ {huënai'}1
Hart 1988: 77.
Proto-Cahuapanan:*wɨla-yɨʔ1
Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. Semantics and structure: A classifier for liquids is suffixed in both languages. This must have been the case already in Proto-Cahuapanan.
Number:10
Word:bone
Shiwilu:lansiʔ {lansi'}1
DSCCS: 223. Distinct from lansɘɾ {lanser} 'skeleton' [DSCCS: 222], =la {=la} 'classifier for bones, long, rigid, non-wooden objects' [DSCCS: 212].
Shawi:nãsɨʔ {nansë'}1
Hart 1988: 120. Occurs as =ɾãsɨʔ {=ransë'} as a second part of compounds [Hart 1988: 391].
Proto-Cahuapanan:*lansɪʔ ~ *lansɨʔ1
Valenzuela 2011: #30 (*ɾans[i/ɨ]ʔ). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are regular except for the vowel of the second syllable.
Number:11
Word:breast
Shiwilu:čiʔ-tɘk {chi'tek}1
DSCCS: 56; Madalengoitia 2013: 84. Glossed as 'chest'. Distinct from muð-iŋ {mudin} 'breast' (apparently female) [DSCCS: 277]. -tɘk {-tek} is a classifier for skins and barks.
Shawi:tɨʔ-tɨ-tɨʔ {të'tëtë'}1
Hart 1988: 232. Distinct from šuʔšu {sho'sho} 'breast, tit' [Hart 1988: 219]. -tɨʔ {-të'} is a classifier for skins and barks. 3Sg: tɨʔ-tɨ-tɨ̃ {të'tëtën}.
Proto-Cahuapanan:*tɪʔ-tɨʔ1
Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. Semantics and structure: A classifier for skins and barks is suffixed once in Shiwilu and twice in Shawi. Quite possibly it was suffixed once in Proto-Cahuapanan; in the independent history of Shawi it would have been reanalyzed as a part of the root, so that yet another classifier morpheme was attached to the stem. Another reconstructible stem is *muyu (3Sg *muy-in); its probable meaning in Proto-Cahuapanan is 'female breast'.
Number:11
Word:breast
Shiwilu:
Shawi:muyu-ɾuʔ {moyoro'}2
Hart 1988: 115. Refers to male chest. It is related to mu-ĩ-tɨ-ɾĩ {mointërin} 'to grow (of breasts)' [Hart 1988: 113]. -ɾuʔ {-ru'} is a classifier for powders.
Proto-Cahuapanan:
Number:12
Word:burn tr.
Shiwilu:ðiʔsɘɾʼ-ču-ʎi {di'ser'chulli}1
DSCCS: 92. Derived from ðiʔsɘt-ʎi {di'setlli} (intransitive). Distinct from ukɘt-ʎi~ ukɘɾʼ-ʎi {uketlli ~ uker'lli} (intransitive) [DSCCS: 466], apɘk-tu-ʎi {apektulli} 'to burn after having formed a pile' [DSCCS: 44].
Shawi:aʔpɨ-ɾĩ {a'përin}2
Hart 1988: 35. Distinct from wɨya-ɾĩ {huëyarin} (intransitive) [Hart 1988: 82], iʔčimi-ɾĩ {i'chimirin}, iʔčĩpi-ɾĩ {i'chinpirin} 'to set on fire / to ignite' [Hart 1988: 88].
Proto-Cahuapanan:*aʼpɨ(ʔ)- #2
Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages, narrowing its meaning to 'to burn after having formed a pile' in Shiwilu (unless the opposite development actually took place). Most likely, borrowed to or from Proto-Jibaroan (cf. Aguaruna apˈɨ-, Huambisa apɨ- 'id.'). Replacements: The Shiwilu root might be tentatively compared to Shawi iʔčimi-ɾĩ {i'chimirin}, iʔčĩpi-ɾĩ {i'chinpirin} 'to set on fire / to ignite' (< *yiʔ...), unless the latter is related to Shiwilu ðǝksaʔ-tu-ʎi {deksa'tulli} 'to ignite / to introduce / to smear' (< *yɨk...). Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular. The presence of a root-final *ʔ is not recoverable.
Hart 1988: 239. -tɨ(ʔ) {-të(')} is a classifier for skins and barks, -ɾa {-ra} is a classifier for small objects. 3Sg: tuʔtuɾa-tɨ̃ {to'toratën}.
Proto-Cahuapanan:*tuʔ-tɨʔ-ɾa1
Valenzuela 2011: #42 (*tuʔtɨ(k)ɾa). Distribution: Preserved in all daughter languages. Reconstruction shape: Correspondences are completely regular, except for the optional development -ɨ- > -u- in Shawi. Semantics and structure: Classifiers for skins/barks and small objects are suffixed in both languages (even though synchronically they are not necessarily segmentable, especially the former one). This must have been the case already in Proto-Cahuapanan. After those were fossilized, a classifier for skins and barks was suffixed in Shawi once again.
Number:14
Word:cloud
Shiwilu:
Not attested. Cf. apɘʎʎuʔwaɲ-i {apellu'wañi} 'to be cloudy' [DSCCS: 44], tanluwan-luʔ 'black clouds' [DSCCS: 435]. The sentence translated as 'the cloud covered it {= the sun}' literally means 'the sky (kɘkki=luʔtɘk {kekkilu'tek}) got covered'.
Shawi:wiɾi-ɾuʔ-tɨʔ {huiriro'të'}1
Hart 1988: 85. Refers to white clouds (wiɾi- {huiri-} stands for 'white'). Distinct from yaɾa-ɾuʔ-tɨʔ {yararo'të'} 'black clouds' [Hart 1988: 248]. -ɾuʔ-tɨʔ {-ro'të'} is likely a sequence of classifiers, cf. piʔi=ɾuʔtɨʔ {pi'iro'të'} 'sky' [Hart 1988: 187] (derived from 'sun').
Proto-Cahuapanan:
Not reconstructible.
Number:15
Word:cold
Shiwilu:sanɘk-ʎi {saneklli}1
DSCCS: 385.
Shawi:tɨʔnah-kɨ̃ {të'naquën}2
Hart 1988: 230. Derived from tɨʔnaʔ {të'na'} 'cold (noun)'. Distinct from sɨwɨ̃ {sëhuën} 'cold feeling' [Hart 1988: 204].
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