Comment: The original meaning (as confirmed also by the external evidence) must have varied between 'handful' ( > Bud. 'fist') and 'armful' (meanings in other languages). Note that the Kryz. word has a specific meaning "a haystack which can be put up by one pitchfork" ( = *'armful'). 3d class in all class-distinguishing languages.
Meaning:1 hook,stick with a hook 2 fang 3 hatchet, small axe
Lezghian:ḳir 1,2
Tabasaran:ḳir 2
Rutul:ḳiruw 3 (Khnov.)
Tsakhur:ḳera 3
Kryz:ḳir 1
Budukh:ḳir 1
Archi:ḳiri 3
Comment: Obl. base *ḳirä- (cf. the Tsakh. form and Tab. ḳira-). Arch. and Rut. reflex a suffixed form *ḳirä-j / *ḳiru-j ( > ḳiruw). 4th class in all class-distinguishing languages.
Comment: In Arch. the word is considered a nursery word and is somewhat irregular (metathesis, irregular shift of *h /that would be a normal reflex of *ʔʷ/ to ħ).
Comment: 4th class in all languages. Arch. pl. ḳon-ot (showing that we have here a single -n-, not -nn-). The meaning 'wood, firewood' in Kryz. and Bud. is secondary: cf. Kryz. Al. ḳɨna 'crossbeam, stick' (which is closer to 'handle' in Archi).
Comment: The reflexes reveal two basic structures of laryngeal features: a) with the initial voiceless *k- (Tab., Ag., cf. also Lezg. Kur. kurc̣ul, Khl. krc̣ɨl); with the initial glottalised *ḳ- (Arch. ḳonc̣ol, cf. also Lezg. Kuba. ḳurc̣ul; the literary Lezg. gurc̣ul is a result of dissimilation < *ḳurc̣ul). External evidence shows that the original Anlaut is *ḳ-; forms with *k- are a result of early dissimilation in glottalisation. In Arch. the word belongs to the 4th class.
See Лексика 1971, 160; Гигинейшвили 1977, 101; Талибов 1980, 206.
Meaning:1 button 2 hook, buckle 3 door lock 4 hooked, bent
Agul:ḳuč̣ 1
Rutul:ḳɨč̣ 2
Tsakhur:ḳɨč̣ 1
Archi:ḳič̣ 3
Udi:k:oč:I 4
Comment: Cf. also Arch. plur. ḳoč̣-or. Obl. base *ḳuč̣ɨ- (cf. Rut. ḳɨč̣i-, Tsakh. ḳɨč̣ɨ-). 3d class in Rut. and Arch., 4th class in Tsakh. Vinogradova-Klimov (1979, 157) supposed that the word was borrowed from Armenian (k:ǝč:ak: 'button'), but this is unacceptable: the Arm. form has no Indoeuropean etymology and is most probably borrowed from Caucasian.
See Лексика 1971, 214; Хайдаков 1973, 93; Талибов 1980, 289.
Comment: 3d class in Arch., 4th class in Kryz. and Bud. The medial -r- in Arch. is probably secondary (ḳurḳuni must be an expressive modification of a form like *ḳuḳuri), because other languages do not reflect any medial liquid.
Comment: A compound with some unclear first component. It is interesting to note the Shakhdagh word for 'lock': Kryz. ḳufɨr, Bud. ḳuful. These forms can go back to *ḳul-ʎ:ʷVr, consisting of the same components as Arch. ʎ:erum-ḳul, but in different order.
Comment: Cf. also Tsakh. Gelm. ḳumḳum id. 3d class in Tsakh., 3d / 4th class in Archi (3d for a bigger cauldron, 4th - for a smaller one). Cf. also a similar form in Kryz.: ḳɨḳlä 'small earthenware cauldron', which is, however, phonetically irregular.
Meaning:dung: 1 of small animals 2 of birds 3 of sheep
Kryz:ḳäč̣, ḳäč̣e 1
Budukh:ḳič̣aʡ 2
Archi:ḳurč̣ 3
Comment: An expressive root with some violation of vocalic correspondences (Kryz. -ä- is irregular); Bud. and the Kryz. variant ḳäč̣e reflect a suffixed form (with a rare laryngeal suffix). 4th class in all languages.
Comment: Unclear is the uvular q:- in Rut. Lezg. -t- is a result of the usual Lezg. dissimilation (cf. dialectal forms: Yark., Kub., Akht. kuṭa). 4th class in Archi.
Comment: Lezg. kḳlam < *ḳVḳV-la-m. Irregular variations of the same expressive root can perhaps be observed in Tsakh. (Gelm.) gak:abaj 'butterfly' and Ud. gügejil 'gadfly'.
Comment: The first syllable of the Udi word may represent the archaic root for "white" (cf. PN *ḳVj "white; wall-eye"). Very uncertain because of difficulties in morphological analysis and the isolation of the Udi form.
