Change viewing parameters
Switch to Russian version Select another database
Turkic etymology : Search within this database Total of 2017 records 101 page
Pages: 21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
Back: 1 20 Forward: 1 20 50 \data\alt\turcet
Proto-Turkic: *dẹg-
Meaning: 1 to cost, to be worth 2 price 3 to change, exchange 4 allotment, portion 5 worth 6 change, exchange
Russian meaning: 1 стоить, быть достойным 2 цена 3 изменять(ся), обмениваться 4 доля (причитающееся) 5 достойный, положенный 6 перемена, обмен
Old Turkic: teg-im 1, teg-im-lig 5, teg-ir 4 (OUygh.), teg-š-il-, teg-š-ür- 3 (OUygh.)
Karakhanid: teg- 1 (MK - ДТС ), teg-ir 4 (MK ), teg-iš 5 (KB ), 'given in exchange' (MK ), teg-š-üt 'exchange price' (MK ), teg-š-ür-ül- 3 (KB )Turkish: deɣ- 1, dejer 2, deɣ-im (dial.) 2, dejiš 6, dejiš- 3
Middle Turkic: (Xwar. ) deg- 1, (OKypch.) deg-ir 2, teg-iš 2 (Sangl. ), teg-iš- 3 (Sangl. ) Uighur: tegiš- 3
Azerbaidzhan: däjär 2, däjiš- 3
Turkmen: deg- 1, degiš- 3
Chuvash: tivǝś 'debt'
Gagauz: dīš 6, dīš- 3
Karaim: tij- 1, degiš- 3
Kumyk: tij- 1
Comments: EDT 482, 485, 487, 488, ЭСТЯ 3, 181-182, 179-180, Лексика 338. Usually regarded as a development of *dẹg- 'to touch, reach', which is somewhat dubious semantically; external parallels also seem to indicate that the two roots are originally distinct.Proto-Turkic: *dẹg-
Meaning: to touch, to reach
Russian meaning: дотрагиваться, достигать
Old Turkic: teg- (Orkh., OUygh.)
Karakhanid: teg- (MK , KB )Turkish: dej-
Tatar: tij-
Uzbek: deg-
Uighur: täg-
Azerbaidzhan: däj-
Turkmen: deg-
Khakassian: tig-
Shor: teg-
Oyrat: tij-
Halaj: täj-
Chuvash: tiv-
Yakut: tī-j-
Dolgan: tīj-
Tuva: deg-
Tofalar: deg-
Kirghiz: tij-
Kazakh: tij-
Noghai: tij-
Bashkir: tej-
Balkar: tij-
Gagauz: di-
Karaim: tij-
Karakalpak: tij-
Kumyk: tij-
Comments: VEWT 468-469, EDT 476, ЭСТЯ 3, 173-175, Stachowski 224. Sal. deš-, dial. teš-, tejiš- 'to burn' must be derived from the same root ("to reach fire"). A very complicated issue is the relationship of this root to PT *dēk, *dēki- 'to, up to' (usually acting as a postposition) - see ЭСТЯ 2, 182-185, EDT 477 (added should be also Yak. dieki 'in the direction of', Dolg. diek, diegi 'side', see Stachowski 79). The phonology here is quite puzzling: one would be tempted to regard the medial -k- as an archaism (see below on the irregularity of *-g- in Turkic), but the open long *-ē- presents great difficulties (since the verbal root itself most definitely has a short closed *-ẹ-). A possible solution is to correct the reconstruction *dēk(i) to *dẹge-ki and regard the *-k(i) as an original locative suffix; this seems plausible because another attested form of the postposition is *dẹgi-n (cf. especially reflexes like Tat. dial. tiŋ, KKalp. dejin, Kaz. dejĭn, Nogh. dejim).Proto-Turkic: *deg- / *dög- / *dog-
Meaning: round
Russian meaning: круглый
Old Turkic: tegirmi (OUygh.)
Turkish: degirmi 'circle'
Tatar: tügɛrɛk
Middle Turkic: tekirme, tekirmi (Pav. C. ) Uzbek: tụgarak
Uighur: dügläk
Sary-Yughur: doGɨr
Azerbaidzhan: däjirmi
Turkmen: tegelek, toGalaq
Khakassian: toɣɨlax
Shor: toɣalaq
Oyrat: toɣoloq
Chuvash: tǝʷgǝʷr 'mirror'
Yakut: tüörem (poet.) 'round', tier- 'to turn round'
Dolgan: tier- 'to turn round'
Tuva: tögerik
Tofalar: tȫrej
Kirghiz: tegerek
Noghai: tögerek
Bashkir: tüŋäräk
Balkar: tögerek
Karaim: togerek
Karakalpak: döŋgelek
Comments: ЭСТЯ 3, 176-179, 281-282, Stachowski 222, 227. One of several expressive common Turkic roots meaning 'round' and displaying phonetic irregularities. Some modern Turkic forms (not listed above) are probably borrowed from Mongolian: cf., in particular, Yak. tögǖr, tögürük, Dolg. tögürük ( > Evk. tuɣuruk). Cf. also Лексика 400 (with forms reflecting PT *teker). Bulg. > Hung. tükör 'mirror', see MNyTESz 3, 1010.Proto-Turkic: *dEgiŋ
Meaning: squirrel
Russian meaning: белка
Old Turkic: tejiŋ (Orkh.)
Karakhanid: tegiŋ (MK - erroneously glossed 'sable', see EDT), tejiŋ (KB ) Turkish: dejin, deɣin (dial.)
Tatar: tijen
Uzbek: tijin
Uighur: tijin
Oyrat: tijiŋ
Yakut: tīŋ
Dolgan: tīŋ
Tuva: dīŋ
Kirghiz: tɨjɨn
Kazakh: tijin, tɨjɨn
Bashkir: tejen
Proto-Turkic: *degül
Meaning: is not
Russian meaning: нет, не
Karakhanid: tegül (MK Oghuz) Turkish: degül, dejil
Tatar: tügil
Azerbaidzhan: dejil
Turkmen: dǟl
Kirghiz: tügül
Kazakh: tügil
Noghai: tuwɨl
Bashkir: tügil
Karaim: duguĺ
Karakalpak: tüwe
Kumyk: tügül
Comments: EDT 480, ЭСТЯ 3, 213-214.Proto-Turkic: *del-
Meaning: 1 to bore through 2 to cut 3 to open
Russian meaning: 1 продырявливать 2 резать
Old Turkic: tel- 1 (OUygh.)
Turkish: del- 2
Sary-Yughur: telɨk 'opening'
Azerbaidzhan: däl- 2
Yakut: tel- 3
Tofalar: del- 1
Gagauz: del- 1
Karaim: del- 1
Proto-Turkic: *deĺ-
Meaning: to make holes
Russian meaning: продырявливать
Turkish: deš-
Tatar: tiš-
Uzbek: teš-
Uighur: täš-
Azerbaidzhan: deš-
Khakassian: tis-
Oyrat: teš-
Yakut: tes-
Dolgan: tes-
Tuva: deš-
Tofalar: deš-
Kirghiz: teš-
Kazakh: tes-
Noghai: tes-
Bashkir: tiš-
Balkar: teš-
Gagauz: deš-
Karaim: teš-
Karakalpak: tes-
Kumyk: teš-
Proto-Turkic: *dele(g)
Meaning: squirrel
Russian meaning: белка
Azerbaidzhan: dälä
Turkmen: däle (dial.)
Comments: Pers. dalɛ < dalaɣ 'куница' = Sanglechi, 'marmot' Yigdha, 'барсук' тадж. диал., см. Пахалина Вах. 200 + ряд вост. форм <*daršɨ. Ст.-К. 166 - вах. форма иначе, глупо.
Proto-Turkic: *delim
Meaning: many
Russian meaning: много
Old Turkic: telim (OUygh.)
Turkish: delim (Osm.)
Proto-Turkic: *deŋgil
Meaning: axle
Russian meaning: ось
Turkish: dingil
Middle Turkic: tiŋgil (MA ) Chuvash: tǝʷnǝʷl
Gagauz: dingil
Karaim: teŋgil
Proto-Turkic: *depre-
Meaning: to move, stir, shake
Russian meaning: двигать(ся), качать(ся)
Old Turkic: tepre- (OUygh.)
Karakhanid: tepre- (MK , KB ) Turkish: depre-, tepre-
Tatar: tibrän-
Middle Turkic: tepre- (Sangl. ) Uzbek: tebra-
Uighur: täwrä-
Sary-Yughur: terwe-
Azerbaidzhan: däbär-, tärpän-
Turkmen: depre-, terpen-
Khakassian: tibǝre-
Halaj: tepre-
Chuvash: tapra-n-
Kirghiz: terbe-l-
Kazakh: terbe-l-; tebire-n- 'взволноваться'
Noghai: terbe-l-
Bashkir: tirbä-l-
Balkar: tebre-
Gagauz: depre-, tepre-
Karaim: tebre-
Karakalpak: terbe-
Kumyk: terbe-n-
Proto-Turkic: *dẹr
Meaning: sweat
Russian meaning: пот
Old Turkic: ter (Orkh., OUygh.)
Turkish: ter
Tatar: tir
Uzbek: ter
Uighur: tär
Azerbaidzhan: där (dial.)
Turkmen: der
Khakassian: tir
Shor: ter
Oyrat: ter
Halaj: ter
Chuvash: tar, tẹr (NW)
Yakut: tir-it- 'to sweat'
Tuva: der
Kirghiz: ter
Kazakh: ter
Noghai: ter
Bashkir: tir
Balkar: ter
Gagauz: ter
Karaim: ter
Karakalpak: ter
Salar: ter
Kumyk: ter
Comments: VEWT 474, EDT 528, ЭСТЯ 3, 203-204. Chuvash dialects show a variation between e/ẹ.Proto-Turkic: *dẹrek
Meaning: 1 poplar 2 tree
Russian meaning: 1 тополь 2 дерево
Turkish: tirek (dial.) 2
Tatar: tirɛk 1
Uzbek: terak 1
Uighur: deräk 1
Sary-Yughur: terek 2
Turkmen: derek 1
Khakassian: tirek 1
Shor: terek 1
Oyrat: terek 1
Chuvash: tirek 1
Yakut: tirex 1
Tuva: terek 1
Kirghiz: terek 1
Kazakh: terek 1, 2
Noghai: terek 1
Bashkir: tiräk 1
Balkar: terek 2
Karaim: terak 2
Karakalpak: terek 1
Kumyk: terek 2
Comments: VEWT 475, EDT 543, ЭСТЯ 3, 205-206, Лексика 105, 134-135. Iranian origin is quite improbable.Proto-Turkic: *dẹri
Meaning: skin
Russian meaning: кожа
Old Turkic: teri (OUygh.)
Turkish: deri
Tatar: tire
Uzbek: teri
Uighur: terä
Sary-Yughur: terɨ
Azerbaidzhan: däri
Turkmen: deri
Khakassian: tēr
Shor: tere
Oyrat: tere
Halaj: teri
Chuvash: tirǝ
Yakut: tirī
Dolgan: tirī
Kirghiz: teri
Kazakh: teri
Noghai: teri
Bashkir: tire
Balkar: teri
Gagauz: deri
Karaim: terɨ
Karakalpak: teri
Salar: cīry
Kumyk: teri
Proto-Turkic: *deriŋ
Meaning: deep
Russian meaning: глубокий
Old Turkic: teriŋ (OUygh.)
Turkish: derin
Tatar: tirän
Middle Turkic: teriŋ (Sangl. ), tereŋ (MA ) Uzbek: teran
Azerbaidzhan: därin
Turkmen: derīŋ (dial.)
Khakassian: tireŋ
Shor: tereŋ
Oyrat: tereŋ
Chuvash: tarъn
Yakut: diriŋ
Tuva: tereŋ
Tofalar: dereŋ
Kirghiz: tereŋ
Kazakh: tereŋ
Noghai: teren
Bashkir: tärän
Balkar: teren
Gagauz: derin
Karaim: teren
Karakalpak: tereŋ
Kumyk: teren
Proto-Turkic: *det-
Meaning: 1 to strive, exert 2 bold, hero 3 clever, reasonable 4 cheerful, vigorous
Russian meaning: 1 стараться, напрягать силы, сопротивляться 2 смелый, герой 3 умный, разумный, ловкий 4 бодрый
Old Turkic: tetik (OUygh.) 3
Karakhanid: tet-, tetin- (MK ) 1, tetik, teti-l- 'to become clever' (MK ) Turkish: didin- 1, tetik 3
Tatar: täti 'good' (nursery word)
Uzbek: tetik 4
Uighur: tetik 4
Turkmen: tetǟrik 'support, help' (?)
Khakassian: tǝtǝn- 1
Oyrat: tidim 2, tedü 'satisfied, sorrowless'
Yakut: tetiänex 4
Tuva: didin- 1, didim 2
Tofalar: titim 2
Kirghiz: tetik 3
Bashkir: tätäj 'good thing' (nursery word)
Gagauz: didin- 1
Kumyk: tetek 'pleasure'
Comments: VEWT 476, EDT 450, 455, 456, ЭСТЯ 3, 218. Cf. perhaps also Kaz. etc. tetik "device, mechanism", Tat., Bashk. täte '(gun's) cock', Gag. tetik 'id.; virgin's hymen', KKalp. tetik 'mechanism, essence', Az. tätig 'trigger'. Some forms reveal secondary assimilatory devoicing.Proto-Turkic: *dē-
Meaning: to say
Russian meaning: сказать, говорить
Old Turkic: te- (Orkh., OUygh.)
Karakhanid: te- (MK , KB ) 1 Turkish: de-
Tatar: di-
Uzbek: de-
Uighur: dä-
Sary-Yughur: di-
Azerbaidzhan: de-
Turkmen: dī-
Khakassian: tǝ-
Shor: te-
Oyrat: de-
Chuvash: te-
Yakut: die-
Dolgan: die-
Tuva: de-
Tofalar: de-
Kirghiz: te-
Kazakh: de-
Noghai: de-
Bashkir: ti-
Balkar: de-
Gagauz: de-
Karaim: de-
Karakalpak: de-
Salar: dij-
Kumyk: de-
Comments: VEWT 467-8, EDT 433-4, ЭСТЯ 3, 221-224, Stachowski 79. Kypchak and some other languages preserve voiced d- due to the word's grammaticalized usage.Proto-Turkic: *dẹ̄l(b)ü-
Meaning: mad, stupid
Russian meaning: сумасшедший, глупый
Old Turkic: telve (OUygh.)
Karakhanid: telve (MK , KB ); telü (MK -Oghuz) Turkish: deli
Tatar: tile, (КСТТ ) tilbäUzbek: telba
Uighur: tälvä 'sporty'
Azerbaidzhan: däli
Turkmen: dǟli, telbe
Chuvash: tiler- 'to become mad, enraged'
Tofalar: telemir, teleŋ
Kirghiz: teli; delbe 'stagger'
Kazakh: delbe 'stagger'
Noghai: teli; delbe 'stagger'
Bashkir: tile, tilbä 'stagger'
Balkar: teli
Gagauz: deli
Karaim: deli, teli
Karakalpak: delbe 'stagger'
Kumyk: deli
Comments: EDT 493, VEWT 472, ЭСТЯ 3, 214-216, TMN 3, 660-662. The forms meaning 'stagger' reveal some irregularities (notably, voiced d- in some Kypchak forms), perhaps due to interdialectal borrowing.Proto-Turkic: *dēmin
Meaning: 1 enough 2 immediately
Russian meaning: 1 достаточно 2 немедленно, только что
Old Turkic: temin 2 (OUygh.)
Turkish: demin 2
Halaj: tīemi 1
Chuvash: taman 1, 2
Tuva: dem 2, demin 2
Tofalar: dɛ:min 2
Gagauz: demin 2
Karaim: demin (K) 2
Comments: EDT 507, ЭСТЯ 3, 187-188.Proto-Turkic: *dēr-
Meaning: to collect, gather
Russian meaning: собирать
Old Turkic: ter- (Orkh., OUygh.)
Karakhanid: tẹ̄r- (MK , KB ) Turkish: der-
Tatar: tir-, tijr- (КСТТ ) Uzbek: ter-
Uighur: tär/j-
Sary-Yughur: ter-
Azerbaidzhan: där-, der-
Turkmen: tīr-
Khakassian: tir-, tēr-
Shor: tēr-
Oyrat: ter-
Yakut: terij-
Dolgan: terij-
Tuva: deri- 'снаряжать'
Kirghiz: ter-
Kazakh: ter-
Noghai: ter-
Bashkir: tir-
Karakalpak: ter-
Comments: EDT 529, VEWT 475, ЭСТЯ 3, 204-205, Stachowski 221. Turkm. has an irregular devoicing (old Kypchak influence?).turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-chg,turcet-uig,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-chv,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,turcet-khal,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,turcet-dolg,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-blkx,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,turcet-dolg,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-blkx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-reference,turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-alt,turcet-jak,turcet-dolg,turcet-tuv,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-bas,turcet-reference,turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-chg,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-jak,turcet-tof,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-reference,turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-azb,turcet-hak,turcet-alt,turcet-jak,turcet-dolg,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-blkx,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-reference,turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-reference,turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-chv,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-reference,turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-khal,turcet-chv,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-blkx,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,turcet-khal,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,turcet-tuv,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-blkx,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,turcet-tuv,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-blkx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,turcet-khal,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,turcet-dolg,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-blkx,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-blkx,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-alt,turcet-jak,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-bas,turcet-gagx,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,turcet-dolg,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-blkx,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-chv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-blkx,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-khal,turcet-chv,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-reference,turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,turcet-jak,turcet-dolg,turcet-tuv,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-klpx,turcet-sal,turcet-reference,
Total of 2017 records 101 page
Pages: 21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
Back: 1 20 Forward: 1 20 50 List with all references Search within this database Select another database Total pages generated Pages generated by this script 373868 15226378
Help
StarLing database server Powered by CGI scripts Copyright 1998-2003 by S. Starostin Copyright 1998-2003 by G. Bronnikov Copyright 2005-2014 by Phil Krylov