Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *kala

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: family, gathering

Russian meaning: семья, собрание

Tungus-Manchu: *kal-

Japanese: *kara

Comments: A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss; see also notes to *ki̯ā́du.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *kal-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 clan, family 2 to gather (deer) 3 together

Russian meaning: 1 род, семья 2 собирать (оленей) 3 вместе

Evenki: kalbuldī- 2, Il. kālbe 3

Literary Manchu: χala 1

Comments: ТМС 1, 365, 459-460. The Manchu form was widely borrowed (Sol. xala, Neg. xala, Oroch xala, Ud. xa, Ul., Orok, Nan. χala).

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *kara

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: clan, family

Russian meaning: род, семья

Old Japanese: kara

Comments: JLTT 438.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *kalV ?

Meaning: to mix, join

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *kala

Dravidian: *kal-(aj-)

References: ND 873 *kalwV 'together, whole'

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *kal-(aj-)

Meaning : to be mixed

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *kal-

Proto-Telugu : *kal-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kal-aj-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kal-

Proto-North Dravidian : *Kal-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *kalǝ-

Meaning : to mix

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : kala (-pp-, -nt-)

Tamil meaning : to mix (intr., tr.), unite in friendship, form friendly or matrimonial alliance with, copulate

Tamil derivates : kalakku joint; kalacu (kalaci-) to mingle (intr.); kalappu cordiality, fraternity, friendship, copulation; kalampakam mixture, combination; kalavu (kalavi-) to mix (intr., tr.); n. joint of the body; kalaval mixing, combining; kalavan_ mixture of various things, medley; kalavi union, combination, sexual union; kalavin_ār friends, relations; kalavai mixture, compound; kalāvu (kalāvi-) to mix, join together, unite

Malayalam : kalaruka

Malayalam meaning : to be mixed, united; mix (tr.), mingle (esp. what is dry)

Malayalam derivates : kalarcca mixture; kalarppu act of mixing, mixture, adulteration; kalaval mixing, intermingling; kalappu the whole, sum

Kannada : kali, kale

Kannada meaning : to join (intr.), be mixed, come together, meet

Kannada derivates : kala state of being joined or mixed, of being promiscuous or various; kalaka, kalka mixture; kalapu a joined or mixed state, a miscellaneous mass; kalasu to mix, mingle; n. mixed or mingled state; kalpisu to join, mix

Kodagu : kala- (kalap-, kaland-)

Kodagu meaning : to knead

Kodagu derivates : (Shanmugam) kalap kneading

Tulu : kalaḍuni

Tulu meaning : to be mixed, kneaded

Tulu derivates : kalaḍāvuni to mix, knead; kalapuni to mingle, knead; kalappu mixed, kneaded; kalaberakè admixture, compound; kalamụ grafting; kalka decoction, infusion of any drug

Proto-Nilgiri : *kal-ǝv-

Number in DED : 1299

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *kalǝ-

Meaning : to mix

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : kalv- (kald-) "to knead, mix (solid in water)"

Toda : kas_f- (kas_t-) "to mix (rice and milk, rice and curry), feed (solid food to child)"

Additional forms : Also Kota kalv pair-word with elv bone (i. e. joint); gal gūṛ (gūc-) to join (intr.) in dense mass (or with 1303)

Number in DED : 1299

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *kal-

Meaning : to join (intr., tr.), unite, meet, mix, mingle, copulate

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : kalayu

Dialectal forms (1) : kaliyu

Additional forms : Also kalayika joining, uniting, meeting, union, copulation; kalapu to mix, join, unite, bring together, reconcile; n. mixing, mingling; kalapamu mixing; kalagal(a)vu familiarity, intimacy; kalavaṇṭakamu boiled rice mixed with several ingredients; kalavuḍu to mix, mingle (intr.)

Number in DED : 1299

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kal-aj-

Meaning : to be mixed

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kolami : kalay- (kalayt-) "to be mixed (liquids, fluids)"

Naikri : kalay- "to mix (intr.)"

Additional forms : Also Kolami kalp- (kalapt-) to mix (tr.); Naiki kalap- id. (tr.)

Number in DED : 1299

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kal-

Meaning : to meet; to mix (tr.)

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *kal-

Konda : kali- (-t-)

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *kal-

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *kal-

Meaning : to mix; to join; to get

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Betul Gondi : kalītānā "to meet and embrace, greet"

Muria Gondi : kalli- "to get"

Maria Gondi : kalp- "to mix"

Seoni Gondi : kali- "to meet, be obtained"

Koya Gondi : kali- "to meet, join"

Maria Gondi (Mitchell) : kāliyānā "to meet"

Additional forms : Also Gondi_S, Gondi_Ko kalp- to mix

Number in DED : 1299

Number in CVOTGD : 588, 590

Konda etymology :

Konda : kali- (-t-)

Meaning: to meet, come together, be mixed (BB)

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Additional forms : Also Konda_BB kalp- to mix (tr.)

Number in DED : 1299

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *kal-

Meaning : to mix

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : kalhali "to be mixed, mingle"

Kuwi (Schulze) : kalhinai "to be mixed, mingle"

Kuwi (Israel) : kal- (-h-) "to mix together"

Additional forms : Also Kuwi_F kalpali, Kuwi_S kalpinai to mix (tr.); Kuwi_Isr kalp- (-it-) to mix (tr), kalvi ā- to be united together; kalh- (-it-) to copulate

Notes : A rare case where -h- in Kuwi does not represent the original *-p- of the p-conjugation (it is preserved instead, like in ka-lp-ali), but rather is comparable with -b- in Kui verbal nouns (*kalba would be expected should the Kui form be preserved). It may as well result from an affricate, comparable to forms like Kuwi_F injali < *in-. The real causative forms thus look like plural action causatives (cf. also their -it-formed past). However, difference between Kuwi_Isr kal- and kalh- is unclear, except that the second form is certainly secondary.

Number in DED : 1299

North Dravidian etymology :

Proto-North-Dravidian : *Kal-

Meaning : to dilute, mix with water or other liquid

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kurukh : khalnā

Notes : Strange aspiration in Kurukh.

Number in DED : 1299

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVLV

Meaning : all, join (?)

Eurasiatic : *kalV ?

Afroasiatic : *ʔa-kʷall-

Notes : Probably same as KVLWV.

Reference : ND 873.

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔa-kʷall-

Meaning: all

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *kʷall-

Berber: Ahaggar tu-klǝ-t 'ê. réunir en masse' or < 'to reap, mow'?

Egyptian: (Pyr.) t_nw 'each' <*kVlw?

Central Chadic: *kal- 'all, every'

South Cushitic: *kil- 'much'

Dahalo (Sanye): ʔákkale 'all'

Omotic: Dime wokkil, Hamer kǝlla, Ong akala 'one'

Notes: Cf. EDE I 51

Semitic etymology :

Number: 2677

Proto-Semitic: *kʷall-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'all'

Akkadian: kalû

Arabic: kull

Geʕez (Ethiopian): kʷǝllu

Egyptian etymology :

Old Egyptian: (Pyr.) t_nw

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'jeder'

Notes: (EG V 377-9)

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *kal-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: all, every

Gude: kálà 'every', k. ǝnda 'every person' Hosk. 212

South Cushitic etymology :

Proto-South Cushitic: *kil-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: much

Iraqw (Mbulu): kila 'very much, completely'

Notes: (HRSC 288)

Dahalo etymology :

Dahalo: ʔákkale

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: all

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