Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *H(w)ǟlʒ́ĭ

Meaning: likeness, mark

North Caucasian: *ɦwǟlʒ́ĭ ( ~ -ĕ)

Basque: *anc(i) / *anco

Comments and references : There is a rather large semantic range, both within Bsq and NC, and between them. Between Bsq ‘appearance, likeness’ (> NC ‘mark, sign’) and ‘manner’ (> ‘skill, art’), cf. Span. forma ‘form, shape, manner’, Breton doare ‘way, manner; appearance’, and other examples. The common Bsq change of *lʒ́ > /nc/ is convergent with some NC forms, e.g. Andi anži 'mark', etc. Etymological comparison suggested by John Bengtson.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ɦwǟlʒ́ĭ ( ~ -ĕ)

Meaning: mark, sign

Proto-Nakh: *host ( ~ f-,-ṭ)

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ʔanži

Proto-Tsezian: *ʔ[ǝ̃]šV

Proto-Lak: aIš

Proto-Dargwa: *ħerc:i

Proto-Lezghian: *[ħ]elč:

Proto-West Caucasian: *b(ǝ)źa

Notes: An interesting common NC cattle-breeding term (with exact phonetic and semantic correspondences). The WC form has a very frequent prefixed labial (reflecting a class-marker).

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *host ( ~ f-,-ṭ)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: mark (on cattle's ear)

Chechen: host

Ingush: fost

Comments: 3d class in both languages.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ʔanži

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: mark, sign, target; mark (on sheep's ear)

Avar: ʕuž

Chadakolob: ʕuž

Andian language: anži

Akhvakh: ãži

Chamalal: ãz

Tindi: anži

Godoberi: anži

Comments: Av. Chad. paradigm C (ʕuží-l, ʕúž-dal). Cf. also Akhv. Tseg., Tlan. ʕanži, Cham. Gig. anzi.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *ʔ[ǝ̃]šV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: sign, target; mark (on sheep's ear)

Khvarshi: aše (Radzhibov)

Inkhokvari: ãše

Bezhta: ãž

Gunzib: ǝ̃ž

Comments: PTsKh *ʔãše; PGB *ʔ[ǝ̃]ž (in Gunz. Bokarev writes ʔǝ̃ž, but the MSU recording is ẽž; the former is probably more correct, but still the vocalic correspondence is aberrant).

Lak etymology :

Lak root: aIš

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: sign, mark, target; mark (on sheep's ear)

Lak form: aIš

Comments: Gen. aIš:u-l. Cf. Khosr. aIš, aIš:u-l id.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *ħerc:i

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: notch, cut, mark; mark (on sheep's ear)

Akusha: ħerzi

Chiragh: ʕarc:e

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *[ħ]elč:

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: mark, sign, target; mark (on sheep's ear)

Lezghian: erž (Khl.)

Tabasaran: miǯi (Düb.)

Agul: irž

Rutul: iǯ / liǯ

Tsakhur: iž

Archi: eIč

Comment: 4th class in all class-distinguishing languages. Cf. also Lezg. Khl. erg. erč:-eni, Ag. Burk. irǯ, Tp. erǯ id. The Anlaut correspondences are exceptional: quite strange is Tab. m-; the Archi pharyngealisation points to *ħ-, but other languages point rather to *ʔ(I). Perhaps we should reconstruct *ħʷ- (not attested elsewhere; this would provide at least some reason for Tab. m-). But otherwise the correspondences are quite regular: medial -r- in Lezg. and Ag., combined with the variation ʔ-/l- in Rut. (liǯ < *ʔilǯ) point unambiguously to PL *-l-.

    The oblique stem can not be reconstructed (the only form with a vocalic obl. base is Tsakh. ižɨ-, which is not enough for reconstruction).

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *b(ǝ)źa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: mark (on cattle's ears)

Adyghe: tħā-bz

Kabardian: tħa-bza

Comments: PAK *tħa-bza (with *tħa- 'ear'); cf. also Kab. ʎā-bza 'mark (on bird's feet)'. Shagirov 1, 244 considers -bza here to be derived from bzǝ-n 'to cut' (q.v.); the external parallels, however, provide another explanation.

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *anc(i) / *anco

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 likeness, resemblance, appearance 2 alike, resembling 3 proportion, manner, measure 4 skill, dexterity, craft 5 to imitate

Bizkaian: antz 1, antzeko 2, antzera-tu 5, (Mundaka, Oñate, Otxandiano) antzi 1, 4

Gipuzkoan: antz 1, antzeko 2, antze 4, antzera-tu 5

High Navarrese: antze 4, (Lezaka) antz 4

Lapurdian: antz 4, antze 4

Zuberoan: antzo 3

Comments: This word exhibits a common change of PSC *l (in clusters such as *lʒ́, *lǯ, *lč̣, *lc̣, *lč, etc.) > Bsq /n/: cf. PEC *hilčwĒ 'to run' ~ Bsq *e=henśi 'to flee', etc. In some words the change was not completed in all Bsq dialects, e.g. Bsq *ulce '(metal) nail' (BZK ultze ~ untze, etc.) ~ PEC *jä̆lc̣wV (Bezhta hũc̣u 'wedge', etc.).

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