Low East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-Low East Cushitic: *tuf-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'spit'

Somali: tuf

Oromo (Galla): tufe

Arbore: tuf-

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tu/if-

Meaning: spit

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *tVpVp- 'spit', *tup(p)- 'spittle'

Berber: *wVtif- 'spit' 1, 'spittle' 2

Egyptian: tf (pyr) 'spit'

Western Chadic: *tuf- 'spit'

Central Chadic: *tu/if- 'spit'

East Chadic: *tuP- 'spit' 1, 'the sound of spitting' 2

Beḍauye (Beja): tuf 'spit'

Central Cushitic (Agaw): *tif- 'spit', *tiftif- 'saliva'

Low East Cushitic: *tuf-

High East Cushitic: *tuf-

Notes: A descriptive root.

Semitic etymology :

Number: 77

Proto-Semitic: *tVpVl-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: to spit

Arabic: tfl (i, u) [BK 1 201], tafl-, tufl-, tufāl- 'crachat de salive fine' [ibid.]

Mehri: tǝfūl (yǝtfēl) [JM 400]

Jibbali: tfɔl (yɔ́tfǝl) [JJ 269]

Harsusi: tefōl

Notes: Poorly attested; the MSA forms may in principle be Arabisms. There are, however, HBR examples usually compared to this root, which probably support its common SEM origin: tāpēl 'Ungesalzenes, Fades', tpl 'albern, unsinnig reden' [KB deutsch 1634].

    Cf. *tpp; may it be the source for the present root with suffixed -l?

    [KB deutsch 1634]: HBR, ARB

Berber etymology :

Proto-Berber: *wVtif-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'spit' 1, 'spittle' 2

Ayr: s-utǝf 1 (uttaf 'ê. craché), ta-s-utǝf-t 2 Aloj 188

Ahaggar (Tahaggart): s-utǝf 1, tǝ-sû-tif-t 2 F 1885

Tawllemmet: s-utǝf 1 (uttaf 'ê. craché), ta-s-utǝf-t 2

Qabyle (Ayt Mangellat): s-tusef 1 Dallet 759 (mistakenly derived from s-usǝf id.)

Egyptian etymology :

Old Egyptian: tf (pyr)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'spit'

Notes: Cf. ntf 'to sprinkle' (OK)

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *tuf-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'spit'

Hausa: tṓfā́

Bolewa: túfú- [ShV]

Karekare: tǝf- [CLR: 302]

Dera=Kanakuru: tuw- [NmK]

Ngamo: tup [Sh]

Jimi: tofa-kǝ́i [Cs N 751]

Polchi: topa {Cs]

Fyer: tùf [CLR]

Sha: tuf {JfR]

Daffo-Butura: tûf [CLR]

Ngizim: tǝ̀p-kǝ [[CLR]

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *tu/if-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'spit'

Bura: tifu/a [Ann]

Margi: ntǝ̀fu ̀ [Hf: 159]

Mbara: túf [TMba]

Dghwede=Zǝɣwana: tfa [CLR]

Mandara=Wandala: čf-a [CLR: 303]

Malgwa: ̀

Glavda: taf [Rp]

Guduf: Cf. thfdúǝ̀ [CLR: 303]

Mofu-Gudur: -tǝ̀f- [BMof]

Mafa=Matakam: nǯif- [BMaf]

Daba: tif [CLR: 303]

Gude: tifi [Hs]

Bachama: túfò [Sk]

Logone: tufu [LLog]

Zime-Dari: túfó [Nm]

Zime-Batna: túúf [Sa]

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *tuP-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'spit' 1, 'the sound of spitting' 2

Kera: túfí ́1 [Eb]

Kwang: àtǝ̀pē 1 [CLR: 303]

Dangla: tùpá 2 [Fd]

Mubi: tuffa 1 [Lk}, 1 tàffá [CLR: 303]

Birgit: cı̀fı́ 1 [CLR: 303]

Notes: palatalization < *tifi) in Birgit

Bedauye (Beja) etymology :

Bedauye: tuf

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'spit'

Central Cushitic (Agaw) etymology :

Proto-Agaw: *tif- 1, *tiftif 2

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'spit' 1, 'saliva' 2

Bilin: ṭif 1

Khamir: tif y- 1, ti(f)tif 2

Qemant: tǝff y- 1

Notes: Unexpected ṭ- in Bil, probably < Eth (see SED No. 72 notes).

High East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-High East Cushitic: *tuf-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'spit'

Sidamo: tufi

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : TVPV

Meaning : spit

Eurasiatic : *ṭupV

Afroasiatic : *tu/if-

Amerind (misc.) : *tupa 'saliva' (R 589)

Reference : ND 2400; GE 116 *tupa.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ṭupV

Meaning: spit

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *(s)ptey[e]w-, *(s)ptyēw- (-th-)

Altaic: *t`ŭ̀p`i

Kartvelian: *ṭp-

Dravidian: *tup-

References: МССНЯ 354; ND 2400 *ṭupV 'to spit, drip'.

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *(s)ptēiw-, *(s)ptyēw- (-th-)

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to spit

Tokharian: ? B pitke 'spittle' (Adams 385)

Old Indian: ṣṭhīvati, ṣṭhīvyati `to spit, spit out', ptc. ṣṭhyūta-

Avestan: spāma- `Speichel, Schleim'

Old Greek: ptǖ́ō, aor. ptǘsai̯, ps. ptüsthē̂nai̯, va. -ptüsto- `spucken, ausspeien'; ptǘalo-n, ptǘelo-n n. (/-s m.) `Speichel'

Slavic: *pljūtī, *pljьvǭ; *pljьvātī, *pljūjǭ

Baltic: *speû- (*speû-ja-) vb. (1); *spjāw-ā̂ f., *spü-d-ā̂ f.

Germanic: *spīw-a- vb.; *spū-t-ia- vb., *spū-t-ō-, etc.

Latin: spuō, -ere, spuī, spūtum `spucken'

Russ. meaning: плевать

References: WP II 683

Vasmer's dictionary :

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *speû- (*speû-ja-) vb. (1); spjāw-ā̂ f., *spü-d-ā̂ f.

Meaning: spit

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: spiáuti (spiáuja/spiáuna, spiṓvē) `speien, spucken (einmalig), Speichel auswerfen'; spiōvà 'Speichelauswurf, ausgespuckter Speichel, Spucke', spiṓva 'Spucker(in)', spiudà 'wer die Gewohnheit hat zu spucken', spiū̃vi-s 'einmaliges Ausspucken, Spucke'

Lettish: spl̨aũt (spl̨aũju, spl̨ãvu) 'speien'

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *spīwan-; *spūtian-, *spūtōn-, etc.

Meaning: spit

IE etymology: IE etymology

Gothic: spīwan st. `spit'

Old Norse: spǖja (prt. spjō) st. `speien'; spǖta wk. `spucken'

Norwegian: spüa vb.; spüta vb.; sputta, spütta vb.

Old Swedish: sputta, spotta, spütta vb.

Swedish: spü vb.; dial. spūta `spucken'

Old Danish: spude `spritzen, speien'; sputte vb.

Danish: spü vb.; spütte vb.

Old English: spīwan; spiwe; spyttan

Middle English: spūten

English: spew

Old Frisian: spīa vb.

East Frisian: spüjen `spucken, sprühen'

Old Saxon: spīwan

Middle Dutch: spīen, spijen, spuwen, spouwen `spucken, speien'; spiē; spoiten

Dutch: spuwen; spuiten

Middle Low German: spiē

Low German: spütten

Old High German: spīwan, alem., südfrk. spīan 'spucken, aus-, anspeien, sich erbrechen' (9.Jh.), firspīwan 'verwerfen, zurückweisen' (8.Jh.); spīwizzōn (Hs. 12.Jh.)

Middle High German: spīwen, spīen st., md. spū(w)en wk. '(aus)speien; an-, bespeien'; spiutzen, spūtzen wk. 'speien'

German: speien; spützen

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 1852

Root: (s)p(h)i̯ēu- : (s)pi̯ū-, (s)pīu̯-

English meaning: to spit

German meaning: `speien, spucken' und ähnliche Nachahmungen des Spucklautes

General comments: die i̯-losen Formen wenigstens z. T. durch Dissimil. im i̯o-Präs. *sp[i̯]ū-i̯ō.

Material: Ai. ṣṭhīvati `spuckt, speit aus' (ursprüngl. nur, später vorwiegend in Kompos. mit ni(ḥ)-, daherṣ- aus s-; ṣt-v dissimil. aus ṣp-v, so daß = got. speiwan), ṣṭhyūtá- `gespuckt, gespien'; av.spāma- `Speichel, Schleim'; gr. πτύ̄ω `spucke', πτύαλον, πτύελον `Speichel', πῡτίζω (dissimil. aus *πτῡτίζω) `spucke, spritze' (πτυ:- aus *pi̯ū-; vgl. mit Inlautbehandlung der Gruppe ἐπιφθύσδω Theokr. `despuō'; ψύττει πτύει Hes. mit φþ- aus φθ-); lat. spuō, -ere, spūtum `speien, spucken', despuō `spucke aus, verschmähe'; got. speiwan, aisl. spȳja, ags. as. ahd. spīwan `speien', aisl. spȳta `speien', (dazu aisl. schw. spotta, dän. spotte, afries. spottia, mnd. spotten, ahd. spottōn `spotten'), ostfries. spüjen `spucken, sprühen', mndl. holl. spuwen `spucken, speien'; lit. spiáuju, spiáuti `speien', aksl. pljujǫ, pljьvati ds.;

    arm. t`uk` `Speichel', t`k`anem `spucke, speie aus' (t` kann, obwohl aus pt- herleitbar nicht dem gr. πτ < πι̯ gleichgesetzt werden), osset. t`u, npers. tuf, tuh `Speichel' aus einer dem ai. (Lexikogr.) thutkara-, thūthū als Wiedergabe des Spucklautes vergleichbaren Lautgebärde;

    wieder etwas anders ai. kṣīvati (Dhātup.) `spuckt, speit aus', gr. σίαλον, ion. σίελον `Speichel, Geifer', kypr. σι̃αι (Cod. σίαι < *σιαι, Bechtel Gr. Dial. I 412, oder *σι̃σαι?) πτύσαι (Cod. πτη̃σαι). Πάφιοι Hes.

References: WP. II 683, WH. II 580 f., Trautmann 276, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 325, 752, 4.

Pages: 999-1000

PIE database: PIE database

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *t`ŭ̀p`i

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: spit, spittle

Russian meaning: плевок, слюна

Turkic: *tüpkür-

Tungus-Manchu: *tupi-

Japanese: *tù(m)pàk-

Comments: An onomatopoeic root, but seems well reconstructable for PA (including the morphological derivative *t`ŭ̀p`i-k`V > PT *tübkü-r-, PJ *tù(m)pà-k-).

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *tüpkür-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to spit

Russian meaning: плевать

Karakhanid: tüfkür- (Tafs.)

Turkish: tükür-

Tatar: töker-

Middle Turkic: tükür- (Pav. C., Ettuhf.)

Uzbek: tupur-, tup-la-

Uighur: tükür-, tükär-

Azerbaidzhan: tüpür-

Turkmen: tüjkür-

Khakassian: tükür-

Shor: tükkür-

Oyrat: tükür-

Tuva: dükpür-

Tofalar: tükkür-

Kirghiz: tükür-

Kazakh: tükir-

Noghai: tükir-

Bashkir: tökör-

Balkar: tükür-

Karaim: tükür-

Karakalpak: tükir-

Kumyk: tükür-

Comments: VEWT 504.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *tupi-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to spit, spittle

Russian meaning: плевать, плевок, слюна

Spoken Manchu: čivǝlǝ- (36, 408)

Literary Manchu: čife-le-

Ulcha: tịpụ(n)

Orok: tụpịn

Nanai: topịn-

Oroch: tupin-

Comments: ТМС 2, 213. The variant *tipu- reflected in Manchu and Ul. is probably secondary.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *tù(m)pàk-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to spit 2 spittle

Russian meaning: 1 плевать 2 плевок, слюна

Old Japanese: tupak- 1, tupak(j)i 2

Middle Japanese: tùfàkì 2

Tokyo: tsubaki 2

Comments: JLTT 552.

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *ṭp-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: плевать

English meaning: to spit

Georgian: ṭpu

Georgian meaning (Rus.): тьфу!

Georgian meaning (Engl.): ptooey!

Svan: ṭb-ǝn-

Notes and references: EWK 336. В МССHЯ 354 сопоставляется с ПИЕ *pt(i)eu-, алт. *t`upV, драв. *tupp- < ностр. *ṭupV.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *tup-

Meaning : to spit

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *tup-

Proto-Telugu : *tupp-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *sū̆p-

Proto-North Dravidian : *tup-

Notes : Strange s- in Gondwan. What was it - an expressive *tsup-?

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *tup-

Meaning : to spit

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : tuppu (tuppi-)

Tamil meaning : to spit; n. spittle

Tamil derivates : tuppal saliva, spittle

Malayalam : tuppuka

Malayalam meaning : to spit

Malayalam derivates : tuppu, tuppal spittle

Kannada : tū

Kannada meaning : imit. sound of spitting and puffing away with the breath

Kannada derivates : tūntir_i to spit; tūpu to spit, blow, puff away

Kodagu : tupp- (tuppi-)

Kodagu meaning : to spit

Proto-Nilgiri : *tup-

Number in DED : 3323

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *tup-

Meaning : to spit

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Toda : tüf ɨn- (ɨd_-)

Number in DED : 3323

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *tupp-

Meaning : the sound made in spitting suddenly

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : tupukku

Dialectal forms (1) : tuppu

Telugu (Krishnamurti) : tuppuna "with the sound "tuppu""

Additional forms : Also tūpoḍucu (i.e. tū-poḍucu) to spit

Number in DED : 3323

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *sū̆p-

Meaning : to spit

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *cup-

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *sūp-

Pengo-Manda etymology :

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *cup-

Meaning : to spit

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Pengo : cup- (-t-)

Number in DED : 3323

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *sūp-

Meaning : to spit

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : sūpa (sūpi-) "to spit; n. expectoration"

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : hūpali

Kuwi (Schulze) : hūpinai "to spew"

Sunkarametta Kuwi : hūp- (-it-)

Kuwi (Mahanti) : dopoki "spittle"

Kuwi (Israel) : hūp- (-it-)

Additional forms : Also Kuwi_F hūpki aiyali to vomit; Kuwi_S hūpkinai to vomit; hūpki vomiting; Kuwi_Su hūpka (pl.) saliva, spittle; Kuwi_Isr hūpki- to vomit; hūpka vomit, spittle

Notes : The form dopoki is strange; although it certainly belongs to the same root (which has initial *t- in other languages), it cannot be exactly related to other Kui and Kuwi forms. It is probably borrowed from Telugu.

Number in DED : 3323

North Dravidian etymology :

Proto-North-Dravidian : *tup-

Meaning : to spit

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kurukh : tuppnā

Malto : tupe

Additional forms : Also KUR tuppalxō saliva, spittle; MLT tupg̣le, tulg̣pe spittle.

Number in DED : 3323

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