Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kar(w)-

Meaning: ram, goat; lamb, kid

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *karr- 'ram'

Berber: *kVrr 'ram, goat', *kVrw 'lamb, kid'

Western Chadic: *karwa 'sheep, ram' 1, 'cattle' 2, 'goat' 3, 'reedbuck' 4

East Chadic: *kara-ŋ (<*kara-n or *karaH) 'goat'

Low East Cushitic: *kVr- 'goat'

Warazi (Dullay): *kVr-Vn- 'female goat'

Mogogodo (Yaaku): kurum- 'goat, young; lamb'

Notes: Cf. HSED 1432 (Sem, Brb, WCh, Arb); Dolg. SHAN 19

Semitic etymology :

Number: 2449

Proto-Semitic: *karr-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: ram

Akkadian: kirru (or girru) 'a breed of sheep (?)' OAkk. [CAD k 410], kerru [AHw. 468]. In earlier literature the term was thought to occur as an Akkadism in Sum. (Ur III) documents (2 UDU kir-ru-um etc.). In the Addenda to [AHw.] (p. 1568), other occurrences are quoted: 2 ki-ru '2 moutons' (ARM 19 182:2, archaic Mari), kà-ri (HUCA 40 70:7, OA). The form ka-ra-am in ARM 8 13 r 11 is also identified by von Soden with the present root which is rather doubtful (the passage reads ka-ra-am īkulū kāsam ištû; cf. the rendering 'they have eaten from the (same) platter, drunk from the (same) goblet' in [CAD k 239]). !!! ARMT 26/1 422 ka-ka-ra-am

Ugaritic: kr 'cordero' [DLU 222]. The term is a hapax in 1.4 VI 47 but the meaning is clearly deduced from the parallelism with ḫrpt 'ewes' (špḳ ʔilm krm yn // špḳ ʔliht ḫprt [yn] 'he provided the "gods-rams" with wine // provided the "goddesses-ewes" [with wine]). Cf. [Del Olmo Sheep 185-6].

Hebrew: kar '(young) ram' [KB 496], pB. [Ja. 663]. A relatively unfrequent, predominantly poetic term. That k. denotes a young animal can be deduced from the parallelism with ʕăgālīm 'calves' in Am 6.4 (hāʔōkǝlīm kārīm miṣṣō(ʔ)n // waʕă- gālīm mittōk marbēḳ 'those eating k. from the small cattle // and calves from the stall'). In Ez 4.2 and 21.27 k. is used to denote a kind of siege engine (a meaning shift well known in Lat. aries, Eng. battering ram and elsewhere).

Aramaic: Off. kr 'sheep' [HJ 534]. Not very reliable, alternative readins are possible ( cf. discussion [ibid.]). Sam. kr 'ewe' [Tal 407].

Notes: Parallels in other languages not very reliable: - Arb. kawr- 'troupeau nombreux (de chameaux, de boeufs)' [BK 2 942], [Fr. IV 69], [LA V 155], 'herd (of camels or ga- zelles, containing 150-200 animals)' [WKAS k 429]; - Amh. kʷǝrrǝkʷǝr 'call for calling goats' [K 1397]. - Amh. kurma 'bull (not castrated)' [K 1384], Har. korma 'male (animal), brave' [LHar. 94], Muh. kʷärma 'the young male of a sheep bigger than ṭäbbʷät, male (animal), bull' [LGur. 350]. [KB 496], [DLU 222]: Hbr., Ugr., Akk.

Berber etymology :

Proto-Berber: *kVrr 1, *kVrw 2

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'ram, goat' 1, 'lamb, kid'

Nefusa: a-krar 'billy-goat' Dolg. SHAN 19

Ghat: a-kǝrwāt 'lamb'

Ayr: ekrăr 'bélier' Aloj., 97; a-kǝrwa/i-kǝrwa-tăn 'agneau' ibid., 100

Ahaggar (Tahaggart): êkrer/akrâren 'bélier' Fouc., 890; akerwât/ikerwâten 'agneau' ibid., 888

Tawllemmet: ăkărr/ikărr-ăn 'bélier' Aloj., 97; a-kǝrwa/i-kǝrwa-tăn 'agneau' ibid., 100 'bélier' Aloj., 97

Semlal: ikru/ikǝruan 'chevreau' Dest., 63; ánkkūr/inukrān 'bouc' ibid. 41

Rif: i-k_arri 'ram'

Iznassen: i-k_ǝrri 'ram', Snhj. i-karri 'ram'

Snus: i-šǝrri 'ram'

Qabyle (Ayt Mangellat): ikǝrri 'mouton' Dallet, 416

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *karwa-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'sheep, ram' 1, 'cattle' 2, 'goat' 3, 'reedbuck' 4

Angas: kwēr 4 'reedbuck' Sk. Hs., 14; kīr 'fattening ram' Dolg. SHAN apud Foulkes

Kofyar: koor 'castrated goat' Jung CLR, 168

Dera=Kanakuru: kwárà 3 [NmK]

Tangale: kā́rwa 2 [JgT]

Diri: kure 4 'reedbuck' Sk. Hs., 14

Zaar: karò 'sheep' Jung CLR II, 290

Wangday: Wangday (Wandi) kɛ́rò 'ram' Dolg. SHAN

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *kara-ŋ (<*kara-n or *karaH)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'goat'

Tobanga (=Gabri Nord): karaŋ "goat"

Low East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-Low East Cushitic: *kVr-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'goat'

Arbore: kaaríy 'heifer goat' (coll.) Hayward Arb., 371; korat 'male goat' ibid., 375

Warazi etymology :

Proto-Warazi: *kVr-Vn-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: female goat

Dobase (Gobeze): koren-te Hay Qaw 63

Mogogodo etymology :

Mogogodo: kúrúma

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'goat, young; lamb'

Notes: Heine Yaaku, 126, 128

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVRV

Meaning : young of animals

Eurasiatic : *ḳʷVŕV

Afroasiatic : *kar(w)-

Sino-Caucasian : *(x)ḳwărŋV

African (misc.) : Cf. Bantu *-kòdò 'sheep'.

Reference : МССНЯ 373, ОСНЯ 1, 173.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ḳʷVŕV

Meaning: young of animals

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *keru̯- [or to PK *qar- 'ox'?]

Altaic: *k`i̯ŏŕo ( ~ -u)

Kartvelian: *ḳraw-

Dravidian: *kor_- (cf. also *kur_- 194)

References: МССНЯ 373, ОСНЯ 1, 302.

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *kerw-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: deer, ox, cow

Slavic: *kъrvъ: OPol karw `старый никчемный вол'; *kórvā `корова'

Baltic: *kar̂w-iā̃, *kurw-a- m.

Germanic: *xiru-t-a-, -an- m., *xiru-t-u- c.

Latin: cervus, -ī m. `Hirsch'; cerva f. `Hirschkuh'

Celtic: Cymr carw, Corn carow, Bret karo `Hirsch'

Albanian: алб. ka, pl. qe `ox'

Russ. meaning: скот (олень, бык, корова)

References: WP I 403 f

Comments: Cf. Tokh B karse 'deer, stag' (Adams 145), Greek {κάρτην την βου̃ν. Κρη̃τες Hsch. - nowhere found but in WP and Pok.!}

Vasmer's dictionary :

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *kar̂w-iā̃, *kurw-a- m.

Meaning: cow, ox

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: kárvē `корова'

Old Prussian: curwis `бык' V. 672, acc. kurwan Ench. III 55:34

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *xiruta-z, -ēn, *xirutu-z

Meaning: deer

IE etymology: IE etymology

Old Norse: hjɔrt-r m. `Hirsch'

Norwegian: hjort

Swedish: hjort

Danish: hjort

Old English: heorot (heort), -es m. `hart, stag, male deer'

English: hart `олень старше 5 лет'

Middle Dutch: hert, hert, haert, hart, herte m., n.

Dutch: hert n.; harts-vanger

Old Franconian: hirot

Middle Low German: herte, harte

Old High German: hir(u)ʒ (8.Jh.)

Middle High German: hirʒ st. m., hirʒe wk. m. 'hirsch'

German: Hirsch

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ŏŕo ( ~ -u)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: lamb, deer

Russian meaning: ягненок, олень

Turkic: *Koŕɨ

Mongolian: *kurigan

Tungus-Manchu: *xir-

Comments: EAS 46, 113, KW 198, Владимирцов 361, ОСНЯ 1, 302, Новикова 1972, 118, Лексика 433. A Western isogloss. Despite TMN 1, 435, 3, 546, Щербак 1997, 142, Mong. cannot be borrowed from Turkic.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *Koŕɨ

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: lamb

Russian meaning: ягненок

Old Turkic: qozɨ (quzɨ) (OUygh.)

Karakhanid: qozɨ (quzɨ) (MK)

Turkish: kuzu

Tatar: quzɨ (dial.)

Middle Turkic: qozɨ (R.), qozu (Houts.)

Uzbek: qụzi

Uighur: qoza

Sary-Yughur: quzɨ, qozɨ, qoza

Azerbaidzhan: Guzu

Turkmen: Guzɨ

Halaj: quzɨ

Kirghiz: qozu

Kazakh: qozɨ

Noghai: qozɨ

Balkar: qozu

Gagauz: quzu

Karaim: qozu

Karakalpak: qozɨ

Salar: qōza

Kumyk: qozu (dial.)

Comments: VEWT 285, EDT 681, Лексика 433, ЭСТЯ 6, 108-109.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *kurigan

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: lamb

Russian meaning: ягненок

Written Mongolian: quriɣan (L 987: quraɣa(n), qurɣa(n))

Middle Mongolian: quriqa(n) (SH), qurixan (HY 11), qǝriɣan (LH)

Khalkha: xurgan

Buriat: xuŕga(n)

Kalmuck: xurɣn

Ordos: xurGa

Dongxian: quɣan (Тод. Дн.); Guɣan

Baoan: GorGaŋ

Shary-Yoghur: χurGan

Monguor: xorGa (SM 172), xuroG

Mogol: qɔrɣan (Weiers)

Comments: KW 198, MGCD 391. Mong. > Oyr. quraɣan etc. (TMN 1, 435), Evk. kurikan etc., see ibid., Doerfer MT 131.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *xir-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 wild deer 2 to rub horns 3 *'newborn animal' > 'new'

Russian meaning: 1 дикий олень 2 тереться рогами 3 *'новорожденное животное' > 'новый'

Evenki: irki, irē 1, irkekīn (dial.) 3

Even: irče-, irkъ- 2

Negidal: ijun 1, iskekin 3

Spoken Manchu: ičē 'new' (2544)

Literary Manchu: iren 1, iče 3

Jurchen: hi(i̯)če (85) 3

Ulcha: suru(n) 1, sičeu(n) 3

Orok: sitče- 2, sitče- 3

Nanai: sirũ 1, śiku(n) 3

Oroch: iju 1, ikken 3

Comments: ТМС 1, 327, 328. Evk. sirū and Neg. xịra (ТМС 2, 96) must be loanwords from Southern TM, where *x- > x- and s-; in any case, these forms have nothing to do with Turk. *sɨgɨr 'cow', despite Sinor 1962, 320.

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *ḳraw-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: ягненок

English meaning: lamb

Georgian: ḳraw-

Megrel: ḳǝrib-, ḳirib-

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 115, EWK 208. В МССНЯ 373 сближается с алт. *k`iaŕU 'ягненок, олень', драв. *kor_i 'овца' < ностр. *ḳorV.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *kor_-

Meaning : sheep

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *kor_-i

Proto-Telugu : *gor_-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *gor_- (*-r-)

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *gor_-

Notes : In most subgroups this root became hopelessly contaminated with *gor_- 'deer'.

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *kor_-i

Meaning : sheep

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : kor_i

Tamil meaning : sheep

Malayalam : kor_i

Malayalam meaning : a small kind of sheep

Kannada : kur_i, kor_i

Kannada meaning : sheep, ram

Kannada derivates : kur_itana a sheepish, foolish disposition

Kodagu : kori

Kodagu meaning : sheep

Tulu : kuri

Tulu meaning : sheep

Proto-Nilgiri : *kor_ĭ

Number in DED : 2165

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *kor_ĭ

Meaning : sheep

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : kory āṛ "sheep (āṛ goat)"

Toda : kur_y

Notes : The Toda form is dubious, since *kwar_y should be expected. Most probably, this is due to Kannada influence.

Number in DED : 2165

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *gor_-

Meaning : sheep

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : gor_e

Dialectal forms (1) : gor_r_e

Dialectal forms (2) : gor_r_iya

Dialectal forms (3) : gorre (B)

Dialectal forms (4) : gor(r)iya (B)

Inscriptional Telugu : gor_iya

Number in DED : 2165

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *gor_- (*-r-)

Meaning : sheep

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kinwat Kolami : gorre

Kolami (Setumadhava Rao) : gorre

Naiki : gorre

Number in DED : 2165

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *gor_-

Meaning : sheep, goat; deer

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *gor-

Konda : gor_e

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *gor-i

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *gor-

Meaning : sheep; deer

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Maria Gondi : gorre "sheep"

Koya Gondi : gorre "four-horned antelope"

Maria Gondi (Lind) : gore "deer"

Adilabad Gondi : gorre "sheep"

Additional forms : Also Gondi_A (SR) gore goat

Notes : Gondi_Ma -rr- probably stands for -r̨- here.

Number in DED : 2165

Number in CVOTGD : 1208, 1209

Konda etymology :

Konda : gor_e

Meaning: goat

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Number in DED : 2165

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *gor-i

Meaning : goat

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : gōri

Kuwi (Schulze) : gorri "goat, sheep"

Parja Kuwi : gore

Kuwi (Israel) : gorri

Notes : Reconstruction based on external parallels.

Number in DED : 2165

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ḳwărŋV ( ~ *xḳ-)

Meaning: young of animals or plants

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ḳwărnV

Sino-Tibetan: *kruŋ

Comments and references : NSC 55 *ḳwAr-NV, WFR 75.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ḳwărnV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: young (of an animal)

Proto-Nakh: *ḳornV

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ḳʷanHi (~-o-)

Proto-Tsezian: *q̇ʷenu A

Proto-Lezghian: *ḳʷarV

Proto-Khinalug: ḳuza

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. The root contains a rare cluster of two resonants (it is not excluded that *-nV here is an old suffix). The uvular reflex in PTs (*q̇ʷ-) must be explained by PTs pharyngealization (although its source is not quite clear). All other correspondences are regular, and the root seems quite reliable.

    If we assume that *-nV is a suffix here, the root *ḳwărV could be linked with another Av.-And. derivate, *ḳʷVr-tV 'young donkey' (Av. ḳert, Chad. ḳert, Cham. Gig. ḳorti, Bagv. Tlo. ḳortu; Av. > Arch. ḳeIrt, Bezht. ḳerṭ, Gunz. ḳert).

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *ḳornV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: young (of an animal), nestling

Chechen: ḳorni

Ingush: ḳorig

Comments: Cf. also Chech. (Uslar) ḳornaj. The Ing. form is probably a contraction of *ḳornaj-iḳ with elision of -n-.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ḳʷanHi (~-o-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 foal (less than 3 y. old) 2 steer, bull-calf

Akhvakh: ḳʷani / ḳono 1

Karata: ḳʷaniƛ:o (Arch.) 2

Comments: Cf. also Akhv. Tseg. ḳʷeni, Tlan. ḳeni, Ratl. ḳoni 'foal'; Kar. Anch. ḳʷajĩ / ḳʷeni 'puppy'.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *q̇ʷenu A

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 sheep (1 y. old) 2 lamb (2 y. old) 3 bull-calf

Ginukh: q̇ʷinu 1

Khvarshi: q̇ʷenu 2

Inkhokvari: q̇ʷeInu 3

Comments: PTsKh *q̇ʷeInu.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ḳʷarV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: young of domestic animals

Lezghian: q̇ereχ

Tabasaran: ḳari, ḳiriq

Agul: ḳeruq (Fit.)

Rutul: ḳaraqɨj (Khniukh.)

Tsakhur: ḳuruḳaj / ḳurij

Kryz: ḳʷarä

Budukh: ḳora

Udi: arak: (?)

Comment: The meanings vary greatly (Lezg. "embryo, foetus; calf"; Tab. ḳari "calf", ḳiri-q "1-y.-old calf", Ag. "calf", Rut. "dry, barren cow", Tsakh. "foal", Kryz., Bud., Ud. "bull-calf"), but all concentrate around the basic meaning "young of domestic animals". The Tsakh. forms are quoted from Ibragimov 1978, and the particular dialect is unknown; the Ud. form is all right semantically, but has undergone a rather strange metathesis, thus its belonging here may be doubted.

    All forms are suffixed: either *ḳʷarV-j (Tab. ḳari, Tsakh. ḳurij, Kryz. ḳʷarä, Bud. ḳora) or *ḳʷarV-q (Lezg. q̇ɨrɨχ /with assimilation < *ḳɨrɨχ, cf. the more regular Khl. ḳeraχ/, Tab. ḳiriq, Ag. ḳeruq, Rut. ḳaraqɨj. Tsakh. ḳuruḳaj is a reduplicated form, exactly parallel to Rut. (Khniukh., quoted by Ibragimov 1978) ḳuruḳa 'foal'.

Khinalug etymology :

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *kruŋ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: be born; plant

Tibetan: ãkhruŋ be born; shoot, sprout, grow (of seeds and plants).

Kachin: khruŋ¹ to live, mǝkruŋ¹ fresh sprouts, new twigs.

Comments: Dimasa gakhraŋ green. Ben. 81. STEDT 145-146 *kruŋ. Cf. perhaps Aka ro-, Trung *rɔ:ŋ 'sit'.

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