Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ḳVwV

Meaning: to shout, sound

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *kewǝ-

Altaic: *k`i̯ube

Kartvelian: *q̇iw-

Dravidian: *kav- (*k̂-) (+ *kū- 'call' 708)

References: Cf. ND 967 *kawV 'to call, shout' (Drav. + IE *gow 'shout' 1715); ND 1947 *q̇uwi[ʕ]V 'to shout, cry' (Kartv. + Drav. *kū-).

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *kewǝ-

Meaning: to shout

Old Indian: káuti, kavīti, kavate, kuvate, kū̆nāti `to sound, cry', intens. kokūyate

Old Greek: kōkǘō, aor. kōkǘsai̯ `jammern, wehklagen', kōkǖtó-s m. , kṓkǖma `das Jammern, Wehklage'

Slavic: *kovā́tī `куковать', *kūjātī, *kāvātī

Germanic: *xiuw-il-ō- vb.

Russ. meaning: кричать

References: WP I 331 f

Vasmer's dictionary :

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *xūwilōn- vb.

Meaning: howl

IE etymology: IE etymology

Danish: hyle

Middle English: hūlen `howl'

English: howl

Middle Dutch: hūlen, ūlen, huylen `huilen, luid schreien'

Dutch: huilen

Middle Low German: hūlen `heulen'

Old High German: hūlōn, hūwilōn (11.Jh.) `jubeln'

Middle High German: hiuwelen, hiulen wk. `heulen, schreien'

German: heulen

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ube

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: voice, sound

Russian meaning: голос, звук

Turkic: *kü(b)

Mongolian: *küw-

Tungus-Manchu: *xǖ- (*xüb-)

Korean: *kubɨi-

Japanese: *kǝ̀wâi

Comments: The Mong. form may belong here if it is different from *köɣer 'joy' < PA *kúbé q. v.; there probably occurred a secondary merger in some Mong. dialects.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *kü(b)

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 fame 2 wisdom 3 famous

Russian meaning: 1 слава 2 мудрость

Old Turkic: kü (Orkh., OUygh.) 1

Karakhanid: kü (MK, KB)

Azerbaidzhan: küj 'roar'

Turkmen: küj 2

Khakassian: kü-lük 2

Shor: küg (R)

Oyrat: kü 'roar', külük 3

Kirghiz: kü 'sound, roar', külük 3

Kazakh: külük 3

Comments: VEWT 306, ЭСТЯ 5, 128-129, 140-141, TMN 3, 653.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *küw-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to talk, converse 2 conversation

Russian meaning: 1 разговаривать 2 разговор

Written Mongolian: küü-ne- 1, küür 2 (L 509)

Khalkha: xǖne- 1, xǖr 2

Kalmuck: kȫr- 1

Comments: KW 243.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *xǖ- (*xüb-)

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to sound

Russian meaning: звучать

Evenki: ī-

Even: ī-

Negidal: ī-

Ulcha: ujsi-

Orok: uji-

Nanai: xuj-si-

Comments: ТМС 1, 293-294.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *kubɨi-hă-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to celebrate, glorify

Russian meaning: прославлять, праздновать

Middle Korean: ku'ɨi-hă-

Comments: Liu 85.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *kǝ̀wâ-i

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: voice

Russian meaning: голос

Old Japanese: kowe

Middle Japanese: kòwè, kòwé

Tokyo: kóe

Kyoto: kòê

Kagoshima: koé

Comments: JLTT 453. In compounds - kowa- (e.g. kowa-daka etc.).

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *q̇iw-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: петь (о петухе), кричать

English meaning: to cry (of cock), to shout

Georgian: q̇iv-

Megrel: 'i-

Laz: q̇i-, ḳi-

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 212, EWK 415-416.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *kav- (*k̂-)

Meaning : 1 to curse 2 scandal

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *kav-

Proto-Telugu : *kav-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kav-ḍ-

Proto-North Dravidian : *kab- (*q-)

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *kav-

Meaning : roar, noise; scandal

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : kavvai

Tamil meaning : din, roar; scandal, slander

Tamil derivates : kauvai sound, noise, roar; scandal; kavar (-v-, -nt-) to call, summon

Kannada : kava

Kannada meaning : imit. sound of angry language

Kannada derivates : kavakava anu/māḍu to chide, scold; gavuji, gavuju noise, hubbub; gāvara, gāvaḷi sound, noise, outcry

Tulu : gauji

Tulu meaning : noise, tumult, alarm, agitation

Number in DED : 1341

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *kav-

Meaning : aloud (of laughter)

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : kavakava

Number in DED : 1341

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kav-ḍ-

Meaning : to curse

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Parji : kavḍ- "to curse, abuse"

Additional forms : Also Parji kavḍukud, kavḍa kavḍi abuse

Number in DED : 1341

North Dravidian etymology :

Proto-North-Dravidian : *kab- (*q-)

Meaning : to roar, shout

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kurukh : kauwār "tumult of angry voices, rowdy shoutings, uproar"

Malto : kawye "to use vile language"

Additional forms : Also MLT qāwe to speak, whisper or sound (as the leaves of a tree); qāwe-naqe to converse; qawse to jingle, warble, sound (as rushing water).

Number in DED : 1341

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVWV

Meaning : to cry, shout

Eurasiatic : *ḳVwV

Afroasiatic : *ḳVw- (Ar., Berb., Eg.)

Sino-Caucasian : *[q]wĕjV̆́

Notes : Cf. WVKV

Reference : ND 1947.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *[q]wĕjV̆́

Meaning: to swear; to be angry

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *qwĕjV̆

Sino-Tibetan: *Gɨ̄w

Yenisseian: *χV(ʔ)j-

Burushaski: *qhái

Comments and references : Somewhat different in HGC 34. 5th tone in Ket may reflect *-ʔ- (which would contradict lax type in NC), but may also be a misrecording. [*χ in PY is irregular: *q would be expected]

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *qwĕjV̆

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: oath

Proto-Nakh: *pħa

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *q(ʷ)Vj

Proto-Tsezian: *χɔ̃ A

Proto-Lak: qʷa

Proto-Dargwa: *qIʷa

Proto-Lezghian: *χʷäj(a)

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are regular (except for the not quite clear nasalisation in PTs).

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *pħa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: vendetta

Chechen: pħa

Ingush: pħa

Comments: 5th class in Chech., 6th class in Ing. Obl. base *pħa-ne-, cf. Chech. pħäna-, Ing. pħano.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *q(ʷ)Vj

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: oath

Avar: ha

Chadakolob: hédi

Comments: Av. paradigm C ~ A (plur. hája-l). The Chad. form is a masdar from the derived verb he-d- (lit. héd-ize, masd. hédi) 'to swear, take oath'.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *χɔ̃ A

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: oath

Tsezi: ħo

Ginukh: ho

Khvarshi: hũ (Leksika)

Inkhokvari: hõ

Bezhta: hã

Gunzib: hɔ̃ / hɔ̃j

Comments: PTsKh *χ̥1̇õ. In PGB we would expect *ʁɔ̃: the Gunz. reflex is normal, but Bezht. should have ʁ-, so a loan in Bezht. from Gunz. or old Gin. (or, perhaps, an influence of Av. ha 'oath') is possible.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: qʷa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: oath

Lak form: qa

Comments: Cf. Khosr. qʷa id. The Lak. name for 'wedding' is probably derived from the same root (as 'oath-taking'): cf. Lak. qaṭi, Khosr. qʷaṭi 'wedding' (for the dental suffix cf. perhaps forms like Av. hé-di-ze, hédi, Arch. χʷe-t:a-s, χʷet:i 'oath' - although the glottalisation of -ṭ- in Lak. is a problem).

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *qIʷa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: oath

Akusha: qaI

Chiragh: qIʷa

Comments: Cf. also Ur., Muir. qʷi, Kait., Tsud. qʷaI, Kub. qʷe.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *χʷäj(a)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 oath 2 anger

Tabasaran: χu 1

Agul: χIuj (Bursh.) 1

Archi: χʷe-t:i 1

Udi: χuj 2

Comment: Cf. also Tab. Düb. χuj, Ag. Fit. χIuj, Burk. χi. Pharyngealization in Ag. dialects is secondary (before an original front vowel). The Arch. form is actually a back-building from the derived verb χʷe-t:a- 'to swear, take oath'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *Gɨ̄w

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: announce, claim

Chinese: 皋 *g_ū announce.

Tibetan: sko (p. (b)skos, f. bsko, i. skos) to appoint, nominate.

Burmese: khaw to call, summon, LB *khaw(x).

Kachin: kho³ to preach.

Lushai: hauʔ to bespeak, lay claim to.

Chinese characters :

Character: 皋

Modern (Beijing) reading: gāo

Preclassic Old Chinese: kū

Classic Old Chinese: kū

Western Han Chinese: kǝ̄w

Eastern Han Chinese: kǝ̄w

Early Postclassic Chinese: kǝ̄w

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kāw

Late Postclassic Chinese: kāw

Middle Chinese: kâw

English meaning : marsh, swamp

Russian meaning[s]: 1) низина, луговина; 2) берег; излучина реки; 3) 5-й лунный месяц

Comments: Also used for homonymous *kū 'be high' (a variant of 高 *kāw ?) and *kū 'be lazy'. During Late Zhou used also for *kū 'shore' and *g(h)ū (MC ɣâw, FQ JY 乎刀, Pek. háo) 'to announce, cry out' ( = 嗥). The meaning 'marsh', although attested already in Shijing, is absent from Schüssler's dictionary.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 132

Four-angle index: 2322

Karlgren code: 1040 a-b

Go-on: kau

Kan-on: kau

Japanese reading: kō;sawa;kishi;takai;satsuki

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *χVj-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to be angry

Ket: qʌ́j-beś (Werner 2, 142)

Yug: xʌjbɛt́⁵

Kottish: haipičáŋ "angry"

Comments: ССЕ 307. Werner 2, 142 (without reconstruction).

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *qhái

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: revenge

Hunza: qhái

Nagar: qhái

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