Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ṗV(H)- ?

Meaning: ten, many

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *pant- ?

Altaic: *p`VbV

Kartvelian: *beɣ- ?

Dravidian: *paT-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *pъ̆tho- (~ * -tv-) ?

Comments: In the Dravidian root, *-t- is obviously a suffix (cf. the other numerals). The root is *pa- or *paH- if Tamil pak_tu indeed reflects an original laryngeal.

Indo-European etymology :

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *p`VbV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: many, ten / hundred (an auxiliary stem)

Russian meaning: весь

Turkic: *ōn

Mongolian: *ha-

Tungus-Manchu: *poba

Japanese: *-pǝ ~ *-pua

Comments: The original root structure is not quite clear: perhaps one has to suppose a monosyllabic root *p`ō-, with suffixed *-ba(n) or *-n.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *ōn

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: ten

Russian meaning: десять

Old Turkic: on (Orkh., OUygh.)

Karakhanid: on (MK)

Turkish: on

Tatar: un

Middle Turkic: on (Pav. C.)

Uzbek: ọn

Uighur: on

Sary-Yughur: on, un

Azerbaidzhan: on

Turkmen: ōn

Khakassian: on

Oyrat: on

Halaj: ọ̄̂n

Chuvash: vonъ

Yakut: uon

Dolgan: uon

Tuva: on

Tofalar: on

Kirghiz: on

Kazakh: on

Noghai: on

Bashkir: un

Balkar: on

Gagauz: uon, on

Karaim: on

Karakalpak: on

Kumyk: on

Comments: EDT 166, VEWT 362, TMN 2, 163, ЭСТЯ 1, 455-456, Лексика 573, Федотов 1, 130-131, Stachowski 244.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *ha-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 ten 2 all

Russian meaning: 1 десять 2 весь, все

Written Mongolian: arban 1

Middle Mongolian: xarban (HY 43, SH), ḥarbān (IM), hărban (MA) 1

Khalkha: arav, arvan 1

Buriat: arba(n) 1

Kalmuck: arwṇ 1

Ordos: arwa 1

Dongxian: haran, haruan 1

Baoan: harwaŋ (MGCD), habran (Tungren) 1, hane 2

Dagur: xarab (MGCD), xarba(n) (Тод. Даг. 174), harebe (MD 157) 1

Shary-Yoghur: harwan 1

Monguor: xar(w)an (SM 165), xarwan 1 (MGCD), xana 2

Mogol: arbōn; ZM arbɔ̄n (25-3a)

Comments: KW 15, MGCD 114.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *poba

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 ten (a bundle of ten squirrels) 2 collection, gathering

Russian meaning: 1 десяток (связка белок) 2 собрание

Orok: pōwo 1

Nanai: poã 2

Comments: ТМС 2, 40.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *-pǝ ~ *-pua

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: hundred (in names of hundreds)

Russian meaning: сто (в назв. сотен)

Old Japanese: -p(w)o

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *beɣ-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: быть достаточным

English meaning: to be enough

Megrel: baɣ-

Laz: baɣ-

Notes and references: Чанская глагольная основа, не засвидетельствованная в грузинском и сванском. Климов (ЭСКЯ 50), а вслед за ним Иллич-Свитыч (МССНЯ 1, 193) и Фенрих (EWK 53) возводят к этой основе ПК *beɣ- "амбар" и *beɣura- "воробей", что довольно сомнительно. Иллич-Свитыч (ibid.) далее возводит основу к ностр. *bVGV 'достаточно, чрезмерно'. Однако приводится только довольно сомнительная семито-хамитская параллель, так что ностратический характер корня под сомнением. Не исключен СК характер корня: ср. ПСК *bV̆HV "большой, много" (NCED 316-317).

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *paT-

Meaning : ten

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *pat-

Proto-Telugu : *pad-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *pad-

Notes : Strange form in Tamil pax_tu.

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *pat-

Meaning : ten

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : pattu, pak_tu

Tamil meaning : ten

Tamil derivates : pak_-pattu 100 (10*10); patt on_patu nineteen; patin_- ten (in 11, 13, 15-18; patin_ālu, patin_ān_ku fourteen; patin_ āyiram 10,000); pan_n_ iraṇṭu, pan_n_aṇṭu twelve; -patu ten (irupatu, iruvatu twenty, muppatu thirty, nār_patu, nāppatu forty; aimpatu, ampatu fifty, ar_upatu sixty, eẓupatu seventy, eṇpatu eighty); patin_mar ten persons; pappattu by tens, group of tens

Malayalam : pattu (obl. patin-)

Malayalam meaning : ten

Malayalam derivates : -patu id. (in 20, etc.); patuppattu by tens; (Shanmugam) patinmar ten persons

Kannada : pattu

Kannada meaning : ten

Kannada derivates : patt ombattu nineteen; padin- ten (in 15-18); padi- id. (in 13, 14); pann- id. (in 11, 12); padimbar ten persons; (PBh.) payin-, in: payin-chāsirvar 10,000 persons; -vattu ten (mūvattu thirty, nālvattu forty, ayvattu fifty, ar_uvattu sixty); -pattu id. (irpattu twenty, eḷpattu seventy, eṇpattu eighty); -battu id. (tombattu ninety)

Kodagu : pattɨ

Kodagu meaning : ten

Kodagu derivates : patt oymbadɨ nineteen; padɨn- ten (in 14-18); padi- id. (in 13); pann- id. (pannandɨ eleven, panneraṇḍɨ twelve); -vadɨ id. (iruvadɨ twenty, aruvadɨ sixty, ëḷuvadɨ seventy); -padɨ id. (nuppadɨ thirty, nāpadɨ forty); -badɨ id. (aymbadɨ fifty, ëmbadɨ eighty, tombadɨ ninety); pav-pattɨ by tens; payt āṇḍɨ ten years; paytak(ɨ) ëttɨ ten pairs of bullocks; paym baṭṭi ten measures

Tulu : pattụ

Tulu meaning : ten

Tulu derivates : patt- id. (in 11); padụ- id. (in 12-14); padụn- id. (in 15-19); -va (obl. vatụ) id. (irva twenty, aiva fifty); -pa id. (muppa thirty, nālpa fourty, ajipa sixty, eḷpa seventy, eṇpa eighty, soṇpa ninety)

Proto-Nilgiri : *pat

Number in DED : 3918

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *pat

Meaning : ten

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : pat

Toda : pot

Additional forms : Also Kota pad- ten (in 13, 14); padn- ten (in 15-18); pan- ten (in 11-18); patrmbād, potrmbād nineteen; pand_ eleven; pon- ten (conservative speech; in 11, 12, 14-18); pod- id. (conservative speech; in 13); po calg ten calg measures; -vat ten (ivat twenty, nālvat fourty, ayvat fifty, arvat sixty, eḷvat seventy); -bat id. (embat eighty, tombat ninety); -at id. (muat thirty, nālat forty); patat by tens; irvād twenty; orbād nine; mu pād thirty days; nār pād forty days; Toda pon- ten (in 11-13); pāng fourteen; pūj fifteen; pār_ sixteen; pāw seventeen; pūṭ eighteen; pūṇboɵ nineteen; -foɵ ten (ɨfoɵ twenty, öwfoɵ seventy, naɫpoɵ forty); -boɵ id. (eboɵ fifty, ēṇboɵ ninety); -oɵ id. (ar_oɵ sixty)

Number in DED : 3918

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *pad-

Meaning : ten

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : padi

Additional forms : Also padun- id. (in 11, 15-18); padu- id. (in 13, 14); pan- id. (in 19); paṇḍreṇḍu twelve; -vadi ten (iruvadi twenty, naluvadi forty, ar_uvadi sixty); -padi id. (muppadi thirty); -badi id. (ē̃badi fifty, ḍebbadi seventy, enubadi eighty, tombadi ninety) (mod. vai, etc.); [1] paduru, [2] paduṇḍru, (inscr.) padunr_u ten persons

Number in DED : 3918

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *pad-

Meaning : ten

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *pad

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *pad

Meaning : ten

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Betul Gondi : pad

Mandla Gondi (Williamson) : pad

Chanda Gondi : pad (pl. patk), (Pat.) padi

Number in DED : 3918

Number in CVOTGD : 2105

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *pъ̆tho- (~ * -tv-)

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning (Rus.): много

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *pъttoŋ-

Proto-Itelmen: *pto-

Chukchee-Koryak etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *ъptoŋ-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): богатый, жадный

Koryak: pǝttoŋ-

Alutor: pǝttuŋ-

Comments: Ср. *ʁoptъ- 'все, полностью' (997), *pǝtʁu- 'вместительный'(1098).

Itelmen etymology :

Proto-Itelmen: *pto-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): много, обильно

Itelmen: pto-(q) 1, 'ǝ̆m-ptowa 2

Itelmen meaning: много, обильно 1, очень, вдоволь 2

Number in Volodin 1976: 26

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : PVHV

Meaning : many

Eurasiatic : *ṗV(H)- ?

Afroasiatic : Ar. bħħ-, Cush. *buħ-, Chad. *ḅV-

Sino-Caucasian : *ṗV̆HV

Austric : PAN *babaq 'width, breadth' (or *imbuq 'increase, addition', PAA *bVh 'enough', Tai bo id.)

Amerind (misc.) : *paa 'full; enough, all' (R 303) (cf. also *poy 'good' R 322 [+ A]); *po 'large' (R 418); *pu 'many' (actually "all; large") (R 463)

African (misc.) : Cf. Hadza-Sandawe *Pa "big".

Reference : ND 178 *beGV, 274 *baXyV (hardly to be distinguished).

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ṗV̆HV

Meaning: much, big

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *bV̆HV

Sino-Tibetan: *bā(H) / *phā(H)

Yenisseian: *bǝ(ʔ)j-

Basque: *hobe

Comments and references : NSC 52. .00

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *bV̆HV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: big, many

Proto-Lezghian: *p:VhIV- /*hIVp:V-

Proto-West Caucasian: *bIA

Notes: A Lezg.-WC isogloss, thus the vocalism is difficult to reconstruct.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *p:VhIV- /*hIVp:V-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 big 2 good

Agul: ʕaba-ni-r 1

Kryz: bu 1

Budukh: boʕlu 1

Archi: hiba-t:u-t 2

Comment: The Ag. word is from the Burshag dialect (in Richa the root is reduplicated: baba-f). The semantic shift 'big'/'good' is rather common. Vowels are hard to reconstruct (but probably there was *i in the first syllable).

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *bIA

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 many 2 thick 3 thumb, big toe

Abkhaz: -b 3

Abaza: -ba 3

Adyghe: ba 1

Kabardian: ba- 1 (in comp.)

Ubykh: bIǝ 2

Comments: The root is preserved independently in Ad. (PAK *ba 'many'; Kab. preserves it only within compounds like ba-ʁʷa-n 'to increase, prosper' - see Шагиров 1,70-71) and Ubykh. AT languages have kept the root only in compounds *macʷǝqA-bA 'thumb' (Abkh. a-načχǝ́-b, Abaz. mačʷqa-ba) and *š́acʷǝqA-bA 'big toe' (Abkh. a-š́ačχǝ́-b, Abaz. š́ačʷqa-ba) = Ub. q̇a(n)cʷa-bIǝ, ʎa(n)cʷa-bIǝ.

    Another common WC compound with the same component is *ʎ́a-bIA "foot's bulge" > Ad. ʎa-b 'heel', Ub. ʎa-bIǝ (in compounds) - see Dumézil 1965, 235, Шагиров 1, 248-249).

    On the etymology of PAK *ba see Шагиров 1,70-71 with literature (all attempts to separate this morpheme from Ub. bIǝ and AA *-bǝ seem to us superfluous).

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *bā(H) / *phā(H)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: spread, extend; wide, vast

Chinese: 溥 *phāʔ be vast, wide, 布 *pās cloth; spread out (a mat); 鋪 *phā, *pha spread out; 誧 *pāʔ, *phāʔ, *phāʔs big, large, increase.

Kachin: šǝpa¹ to extend, as a cobra its hood; gǝba² be big, great.

Lushai: phaʔ to spread (as cloth, etc.); to place flat on the ground.

Kiranti: *bhä́[p]

Comments: Maybe two roots, but very hard to demarcate. Cf. also Sulung *bV, Tani *bǝ 'big'.

Chinese characters :

Character: 溥

Modern (Beijing) reading: pǔ

Preclassic Old Chinese: phāʔ

Classic Old Chinese: phā́

Western Han Chinese: phā́

Eastern Han Chinese: phā́

Early Postclassic Chinese: phṓ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: phṓ

Late Postclassic Chinese: phṓ

Middle Chinese: phó

English meaning : be vast, wide

Russian meaning[s]: 1) огромный, широкий; простор; 2) повсюду, везде, см. 普; 3) Пу (фамилия)

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 85

Four-angle index: 3197

Karlgren code: 0771 f

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *bhä́[p]

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: broad, wide

Tulung: bhapa

Kaling: 'bhäppä

Kulung: baipa 'long' (?)

Yamphu: beʔe 'big, large', bī-ma 'to be big'; (?) peʔ-lo 'many'

Comments: Toba 99 *bhäpä. Cf. also Kulung pǝma 'increase, grow' (see under *bhǝ̀r).

Kulung dictionary :

Entry: baipa

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: adj.

Meaning: long

Nepali: lāmo.

Yamphu dictionary :

Entry: bi:ma

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Stem: <bi:d- ; bi:->

Grammar: v.intr.stat.

Meaning: to be big

Comments: kaŋ.ba bi:.ye (my.ELA be_big.FCT) He's bigger than I am.

Nepali: ṭhulo hunu

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *bǝj-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: many, much

Ket: bèäjäm, bèjäm (Кастр.) (Бахта); (Werner 1, 153) bʌ́jaŋ 'enough'

Kottish: pajaŋ

Comments: ССЕ 209. Werner 1, 153 <*bʌjǝŋ>.

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *hobe

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 better 2 more

Bizkaian: oba 1

Gipuzkoan: obe 1

High Navarrese: obe 1

Low Navarrese: hobe, hobe-ki 1

Salazarese: abo-ro 2

Lapurdian: hobe, hobe-ki 1

Zuberoan: hóbe, hobé-ki 1, habó-ro 2

Roncalese: obe 1, ob-ro 2

Comments: Cf. especially Archi hiba-t:ut- 'good' (comp. by Bouda, 1948). Bsq *hobe is used as a comparative of *hon 'good' (q.v.).

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *bVʔ

Meaning: increase

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: pVh (cf. also pVq, pVʔ 'big')

Austroasiatic meaning: enough

Proto-Austronesian: *imbuq (?also babaq 'width, breadth'; *lǝbih 'more' - see Peiros 1989)

Austronesian meaning: increase, addition

Proto-Thai: bo.A enough CK; [pɔ.C big]

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: pVq, pVʔ

Meaning: big

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Thai: [pɔ.C big]

Proto-Katuic: EK *bʌʔ

Khmer: p]ao

Proto-Vietic: *bVwʔ

Proto-Aslian: JAHAI bǝw

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *bʌʔ

Meaning: big, large

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-East Katuic: *pʌʔ

East Katuic etymology :

Proto-East Katuic: *pʌʔ

Meaning: big, large

Presyllable: #

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Pakoh: pɨʔ V?

Pakoh meaning: big (PA)

Taojh: poʔ.L

Taojh meaning: big (PT-204)

Katu dialects (3): pǝʔ ja:l

Katu meaning: big, large

Viet-Muong etymology :

Proto-Viet-Muong: *bVwʔ

Meaning: big

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Vietnamese: bu'̣, bố 'great, large'

Thomon: ba:w.34ʔ

Aslian etymology :

Proto-Aslian:

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Meaning: big

Jahai: bǝw

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