Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *HangV

Meaning: open, hole

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: ? Lit. angà

Altaic: *àŋa

Uralic: *aŋa

Dravidian: *áŋāl-

References: МССНЯ 358, ОСНЯ 1, 244-245; ND 57 *ʔaŋga (cf. also 2598 *XENkV 'loosen, open, remove'?).

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *àŋa

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: hole, crack, gape

Russian meaning: дыра, щель, зиять

Turkic: *aŋ-

Mongolian: *aŋ, *aŋga-

Tungus-Manchu: *aŋa-

Japanese: *ànà

Comments: Poppe 72, АПиПЯЯ 81. Mong. *aŋga- < *aŋa-ga-.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *aŋ-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to be wide open 2 to be perplexed, astonished 3 wide open 4 fool, simpleton 5 obtuse, stupid 6 astonished 7 to have one's mouth opened 8 to be drowsy, faint 9 to look at with surprise 10 to gape

Russian meaning: 1 быть широко открытым 2 быть удивленным, опешить 3 широко открытый 4 дурак, простак 5 бестолковый 6 удивленный 7 разинуть рот 8 быть сонным, вялым 9 смотреть с удивлением 10 зиять

Karakhanid: aŋɨl ačuq 3 (MK)

Turkish: (dial.) anuk, aŋɨz 4

Tatar: aŋɣɨ-miŋge bul- 3; (dial.) aŋɣɨl 5

Middle Turkic: (MKypch.) anɣɨ 6 (AH)

Uzbek: aŋraj- 2, 7

Turkmen: aŋal- 2, aŋqar- 2, 7

Khakassian: aŋaj- 'to miss', aŋmaj- 2, 7, aŋmax 'standing with one's mouth open'

Yakut: aŋar- 8

Tuva: aŋɣada- 2

Kirghiz: aŋqaj-, aŋɣar- 1, 9 (< Mong.?), aŋqō 4, aŋɨr- 2, aŋɨraj- 10

Kazakh: aŋtar-, aŋɨr- 2, aŋqaw 4

Noghai: aŋqɨ-tiŋke 'daffy', aŋra 4, aŋšaj- 7

Karakalpak: aŋqaw 4

Comments: EDT 184, ЭСТЯ 1, 155, 156-157.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *aŋ, *aŋga-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 crack, hole, gape 2 to open one`s mouth; to gape

Russian meaning: щель, расщелина, дыра 2 раскрывать рот; открываться, зиять

Written Mongolian: aŋga- 2, (L 43) aŋ 1, aŋɣai- 'be wide open'

Khalkha: aŋ 1, aŋgai- 2

Buriat: aŋg(an) 1

Kalmuck: aŋ, aŋgǝ 1

Ordos: aŋ 1

Dongxian: anGǝi- 2

Baoan: aŋGi- 2

Dagur: xangai- 2 (Тод. Даг. 173) (but Тод. Даг. 121, MGCD: aŋgī, angai)

Shary-Yoghur: aŋɣī- 2

Monguor: ŋGai (SM 9, aŋGǝ̄-) 2

Comments: KW 11, MGCD 111, 528. Mong. > Yak. aŋa-, Kirgh. aŋqaj- etc. (KW 21). The isolated Dag. xangai- with x- is strange; it may reflect a trace of another root (cf. PA *p`éŋi) that disappeared in most dialects.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *aŋa-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 dig 2 crack, hole 3 open

Russian meaning: 1 копать 2 щель, дыра 3 открывать

Evenki: aŋa- 1, aŋa-/ āŋā- 3, aŋa 2

Even: aŋ- 1, āŋa- 3

Negidal: aŋa- 1, 3, aŋa 2

Ulcha: aŋGala 2

Orok: āŋGa- 1

Comments: ТМС 1, 45-46.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *ànà

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: hole

Russian meaning: дыра

Old Japanese: ana

Middle Japanese: ànà

Tokyo: aná

Kyoto: àná

Kagoshima: aná

Comments: The Kyoto accent is irregular (ánà would be expected). JLTT 381.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 16

Proto: *aŋa

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: to untie, open

German meaning: lösen, öffnen, aufmachen

Finnish: avaa- 'öffnen, ausbreiten, erweitern', avanto 'Wuhne'

Estonian: ava- 'öffnen, aufmachen'

Mordovian: ankśima, avśima (E), ańćema (M) 'Wuhne'

Khanty (Ostyak): aŋǝ- (V) 'öffnen (einen Knoten), aufmachen, aufbinden (z. B. eine Fuhre)', eŋk- (DT) 'losmachen, -binden', eŋ- (O) 'ausziehen (Kleidungsstück, Schuh', aufknoten'

Mansi (Vogul): ē̮ŋk- (TJ, LU), āŋ_oχ_o- (So.) '(die Kleider) ausziehen, ablegen (die Schneeschuhe)', ø̄ŋkws- (P) 'das Fell (des Bären) abziehen'

Hungarian: old- (altung. ód-) 'lösen, auflösen; (knoten) losbinden'

Sammalahti's version: *i6ŋa

References: FUV; SKES; DEWO 143; MUSz. 723; MSzFgrE; TESz.; Bárczi G. Magyar hangtörténet 1958: 98

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *áŋāl-

Meaning : to yawn, gape

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *aŋā-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *aŋ[l]-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *aŋl-

Proto-North Dravidian : *aŋ(a)l-

Notes : A bisyllabic root with the inlaut nasal cluster (*-ŋ- = *-ŋg-) in a strong position. Auslaut *-l- is most probably lost in SDR where bisyllabic roots of this kind (with a second long vowel) never end in liquid resonants. // Present in 4/6 branches.

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *aŋā-

Meaning : to gape, yawn

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : aŋkā (-pp-, -tt-)

Tamil meaning : to open the mouth; n. opening the mouth

Tamil derivates : aŋkāppu opening the mouth, thirsting

Kannada : angāta

Kannada meaning : (Bark.) having the face turned upwards

Tulu : aŋgāvuni

Tulu meaning : to yawn, gape, open the mouth

Tulu derivates : aŋguni to open the mouth, be seized with a fit of yawning

Proto-Nilgiri : *aŋā-

Number in DED : 0034

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *aŋā-

Meaning : to look upwards

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : aŋgāv- (aŋgāt)

Number in DED : 34

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *aŋ[l]-

Meaning : yawn; to gape

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kolami : aŋgasi "a yawn"

Naikri : aŋgāśi "a yawn"

Parji : aŋalp- (aŋalt-) "to gape, open the mouth wide"

Notes : The Parji form goes back to *aŋ-l- (in PGn this is the regular form for this root).

Number in DED : 34

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *aŋl-

Meaning : to open mouth, to yawn

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *aŋl-

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *aŋl-

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *aŋl-

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *aŋl-

Meaning : to open mouth, yawn

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Gommu Gondi : aŋil-/aŋl- "to open mouth"

Muria Gondi : alŋg-/aliŋ- "to open (mouth)"

Maria Gondi : aŋgal "gaping, yawning"

Maria Gondi (Mitchell) : ānglānā "to yawn"

Additional forms : Also Gondi_Mu caus. alŋgh-/alŋgih-

Number in DED : 34

Number in CVOTGD : 14

Pengo-Manda etymology :

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *aŋl-

Meaning : to open mouth

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Manda : aŋlā-

Number in DED : 34

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *ambeli

Meaning : porridge prepared with ragi flour

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kuwi (Israel) : ambeli

Number in DED : 174

North Dravidian etymology :

Proto-North-Dravidian : *aŋ(a)l-

Meaning : to gape

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kurukh : aŋgal aŋgal "with one's mouth open (in surprise)"

Malto : aŋg̣le

Additional forms : Also KUR aŋglnā, aŋglaʔānā to gape, open the mouth wide, be open; MLT aŋg̣lo open-mouthed.

Number in DED : 34

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVNKV

Meaning : hole

Eurasiatic : *HangV (cf. also *wonkV)

Afroasiatic : Ar. ʔnǧ 'enter', Ch. Kbl hangз́ 'open'; Ch. *wVŋ 'open'?; Berb. *-wVnuH 'well, pit'

Sino-Caucasian : *ɦwǝ̄mgV

Austric : PAA *huŋ 'hole', PAN *buhaŋ 'hole, pit'

Amerind (misc.) : ? *naq̇ʷ 'vulva; hole' (R 814) [+ A]

Reference : ND 57, 2505.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ɦwɨ̄mgV́

Meaning: hole

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ɦwǝ̄mgV

Sino-Tibetan: *k(h)āH

Burushaski: *hiŋ

Comments and references : NSC 54 *HamgV (with some confusion with *ʔaq_V), MCGD 12.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ɦwǝ̄mgV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: hole, window

Proto-Nakh: *ʔanga-laj ( ~-ḳ-)

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *hingʷVr

Proto-Tsezian: *ʔãkV ( ~ ħ-,-g1-)

Proto-Lezghian: *ʡamg ( ~ ħ-)

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. An interesting term (with a rather uniform semantic development: 'hole' > 'window' > 'glass').

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *ʔanga-laj ( ~-ḳ-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: glass

Chechen: angali

Comments: Isolated in Chech., but having possible external parallels (if "glass" < "window").

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *hingʷVr

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 window 2 hole, burrow

Andian language: ingur 1 (Tsertsvadze)

Akhvakh: ĩgo 1

Chamalal: inn 2,1

Tindi: hingʷar 1

Karata: hingʷar 1

Godoberi: hingur 1

Comments: Cf. also Akhv. Tseg., Tlan. ingo, Ratl. ũgor, Cham. Gig. hingar, Kar. Tok. hingun (erg. hingura-d) 'window'.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *ʔãkV ( ~ ħ-,-g1-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 window 2 hole

Tsezi: aki 1

Ginukh: aki 1

Khvarshi: ãki 1

Inkhokvari: ãka 1,2

Comments: PTsKh *ʔãkV.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʡamg ( ~ ħ-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 niche in wall 2 roof orifice 3 crystal 4 glass

Lezghian: hamga 3

Tabasaran: hamg 4

Agul: ʕagug 4

Kryz: ʕag 1,2

Budukh: ħag 2

Comment: The Ag. word (a reduplicated form) means 'mirror'; cf. Ag. Bursh., Tp. ʡägʷ id. The original meaning is obviously preserved in Kryz. and Bud. ('niche in a wall' or 'roof orifice', whence 'window' > 'glass' in other languages).

    There is a complicated relationship between this PL root (no doubt genuine, cf. the external parallels) and Osset. avg ( < Iran. *āpaka) 'glass'. The Iranian form may have influenced some of the Lezghian forms (especially Ag.; cf. also Arch. kabk 'glass' - which is quite isolated and can not correspond to other Lezg. forms). It is worth noting that the Iranian form was also borrowed in Adygh: PAK *ápk:ǝ 'glass' (Ad. āpč́, Kab. ābǯ), see Abayev 1958, 84, Shagirov 1,4.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *k(h)āH

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: open, opening

Chinese: 戶 *g_āʔ door.

Burmese: kah to divide, be stretched apart, be spread; tam-khah door, gate.

Kachin: čiŋkha¹, nkha¹ door, (H) sumkha be wide open.

Lushai: ka to open (as mouth, legs); mouth; KC *ka.

Comments: Tangkhul kha-moŋ door, Rawang phǝŋ-kha id.; Sgaw ka to open. Sh. 46, 400, 407, 427; Ben. 120, 134; Luce 2. Cf. *Qʷɨj, *Qa.

Chinese characters :

Character: 戶

Modern (Beijing) reading: hù

Preclassic Old Chinese: g(h)āʔ

Classic Old Chinese: g(h)ā́

Western Han Chinese: gā́ (~ ɣ-)

Eastern Han Chinese: gā́ (~ ɣ-)

Early Postclassic Chinese: gā́ (~ ɣ-)

Middle Postclassic Chinese: gā́ (~ ɣ-)

Late Postclassic Chinese: gā́ (~ ɣ-)

Middle Chinese: ɣò

English meaning : door; household

Russian meaning[s]: 1) дверь (одностворчатая); 2) двор, хозяйство; дворовый, подворный; 3) род, семья; 4) суффикс имен существительных, обозначающих профессии; 5) Ху (фамилия)

Comments: Regular Sino-Viet. is hộ. Cf. also Viet. ngõ 'gate' (one of the cases of Viet. rendering Chinese stops as nasals).

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 63

Four-angle index: 4132

Karlgren code: 0053 a-b

Vietnamese reading: họ

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 92

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 戶

MC description : 遇合一上姥匣

ZIHUI: 2073 0932

Beijing: xu 3

Jinan: xu 3

Xi'an: xu 3

Taiyuan: xu 3

Hankou: xu 3

Chengdu: fu 3

Yangzhou: xu 3

Suzhou: ɦǝu 32

Wenzhou: vu 22

Changsha: fu 31

Shuangfeng: ɣǝu 32

Nanchang: фu 32

Meixian: fu 3

Guangzhou: uu 32

Xiamen: hɔ 32

Chaozhou: hou 22

Fuzhou: xou 32

Shanghai: ɦu 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: xu 3

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *hiŋ

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: door, gate

Yasin: hiŋ

Hunza: hiŋ

Nagar: hiŋ

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *hVŋ

Meaning: hole

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *huŋ

Austroasiatic meaning: hole

Proto-Austronesian: *buhaŋ

Austronesian meaning: hole, pit

Austronesian code: 5:42

References: Peiros 1989.

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *huŋ

Meaning: hole

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Proto-Katuic: *hɔŋ V?

Khmer: krǝhu:ŋ; OK krǝhoŋ

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *hɔŋ

Meaning: hole, inside of

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-West Katuic: *hɔŋ

Proto-East Katuic: *hɔŋ

References: TK1.43

West Katuic etymology :

Proto-West Katuic: *hɔŋ

Meaning: hole, inside of

Presyllable: #

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Bru Van Keu: hâŋ

Bru Van Keu meaning: burrow, hole

So: hâŋ

So meaning: hole or opening

Bru: hẫŋ.N

Bru meaning: hole

East Katuic etymology :

Proto-East Katuic: *hɔŋ

Meaning: hole, inside of

Presyllable: #

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Pakoh: hɔŋ

Pakoh meaning: inside of (cup, dish, cupboard, hole)

Taojh: hɔŋ

Taojh meaning: hole (VL)

Ngeq: hɔŋ

Ngeq meaning: hole

Kri: hâŋ

Chatong: kahɔŋ

Khmer etymology :

Khmer: krǝhu:ŋ

Meaning: hollow, hole; khu:ŋ be sunken; ʒhu:ŋ bay, gulf, cove; chaoŋ hole, pit

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Old Khmer: hoŋ

Old Khmer Meaning: having a hole; krǝhoŋ to be hollow, to hollow

References: P551, P116, JP409

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