Indo-European etymology : List with all references

Proto-IE: *wedh- (Gr w-)

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: axe, chopper; to hit, to chop

Tokharian: A wät-k 'sich trennen, entscheiden', wät-, wet- 'kämpfen'

Old Indian: vadhati, aor. avadhīt `to strike, slay, kill, murder, destroy'; vadhar n., vadhánā f. `deadly weapon'; vádhri- `castrated'

Avestan: vādāya- `zurückstossen'; vada- m. `Keil zum Spalten des Holzes'; vadar- n. `Waffe (zum Schlagen)'

Old Greek: éthris = tomías, kriós (Hsch.), áthris Suidas, íthris = spádōn, tomías, eunū̂khos (Hes)., áthris (Suid.), óthris (Zonar.); ōthéō, aor. ō̂sai̯, éōsa, pass. eṓsthēn, pf. éōka `stossen, drängen, treiben, weg-, fortstossen, vertreiben, zurückwerfen'; ō̂si-s `das Stossen, Weg-, Forstossen', ōsmó-s `id.', ōsmǟ́ f. `Stoss', ṓstǟ-s `Erdstoss', di-ōstḗr m., di-, eks-ṓstra f., n. -ōstra n.; én-osi-s, -eōs f. 'shaking, quake' Hes.+, énnosis = kínēsis (Hsch.); {éthōn 'stossend' - wanted!}

Baltic: *wedeg-ā̂ f.

Celtic: OIr fodb, fadb `Axt ?' OIr fāisc- `drücken', MCymr gwascu, Bret gwaska `id.'

Russ. meaning: бить, рубить; рубило, топор

References: WP I 254 f

Comments: Cf. Tokh B yatwe 'whip, thong' (Adams 482); A wac, B weta 'combat, struggle'; B wät- 'fight' (590, 608)

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *wedeg-ā̂ f.

Meaning: axe

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: vedegà `Art Zimmeraxt, Eisaxt', dial. vedegà, vēdegà 'Axt zum Aushöhlen von Trögen'

Lettish: vędga `Brechstange; Brechstange mit hölzernem Stiel; Stemmeisen, Hohlmeissel'

Old Prussian: wedigo `Zimmerbeil' V. 531

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 2097

Root: u̯edh-1

English meaning: to push, hit

German meaning: `stoßen, schlagen'

Derivatives: u̯edh-ri-s `verschnitten'

Material: Ai. vadhati, ávadhīt `schlagen, stoßen, vernichten', Kaus. vadhayati, vadhá- m. `tötend, Mordwaffe (bes. von Indras Geschoß); Schlag, Vernichtung' = av. vada- m. `Keil zum Spaltendes Holzes', ai. vádhar- n. `Mordwaffe (bes. von Indras Geschoß)' = av. vadar- n. `Waffe (zum Schlagen)', vádhram `Lederriemen', ai. vadhasná- m. ds., av. vādāya- `zurückstoßen' (dehnstufig wie gr. ὠθέω);

gr. ἔθει φθείρει. ἐρεθίζει Hes., hom. ἔθων `stoßend, zerwühlend', ἔθειρα `Haupthaar, Mähne'; ὠθέω `stoße' (: av. vādāya-), ὦσις `Stoß', ἔνοσις `Erschütterung' (*en-u̯odh-tis); auch in ἐνοσίχθων, ἐννοσίγαιος, εἰνοσίφυλλος (ἐνν-, ἐιν- metr. Dehnung);

ai. vádhri- `verschnitten' (`mit zerstoßenen Hoden') = gr. ἐθρίς τομίας, κριός Hes.; sekundär ἴθρις, ἄθρις;

lit. vedegà `eine Art Axt', lett. vedga `Eisaxt, Brechstange', apr. wedigo `Zimmerbeil', air. fodb `Waffenbeute' (*u̯odh-u̯o-); ist auch av. vaδaɣan- `EN eines glaubensfeindlichen Fürsten' als `Axt, Schläger' zu deuten?

ein sk-Präsens scheint ir. fāisc- `drücken', mcymr. gwascu, bret. gwaska `drücken' (freilich Ablaut ō :o).

References: WP. I 254 f., Frisk 446 f., 449 f.

Pages: 1115

PIE database: PIE database

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *wVdV

Meaning: hit

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *wĕdh-

Uralic: *weδV [or to *HwelV ?]

Dravidian: *veṭ-

References: МССНЯ 362; ND 2460 *wedV ~ *weʔVdV 'to push, strike, cut'.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1150

Proto: *weδ3

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: to kill

German meaning: töten

Udmurt (Votyak): vi-, vij- (S), viị̑- (G) 'töten, umbringen'

Komi (Zyrian): vi- (S), vij- (P) 'töten; schlagen', vi- (PO) 'töten'

Khanty (Ostyak): wel- (V O), wet- (DN)

Mansi (Vogul): äl^.- (TJ), ǟl- (KU P), al- (So.) 'töten'

Hungarian: öl- 'töten, umbringen'

Sammalahti's version: *wilä- (mit Lp \fâl`lit-)

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *veṭ-

Meaning : to cut

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *veṭ-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *veṭ-

Meaning : to cut; to engrave

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : veṭṭu (veṭṭi-)

Tamil meaning : to cut as with sword or axe, cut off, engrave, dig as a well, injure, destroy; n. cutting, wound, cut, engraving

Malayalam : veṭṭuka

Malayalam meaning : to cut with a sword or axe, dig, engrave

Malayalam derivates : veṭṭu blow, strike, cut, wound, sunstroke, stitch, felling trees, digging, engraving

Kannada : beṭṭu

Kannada meaning : to cause to enter firmly, strike forcibly into, impress, stamp, coin; n. tool for making impressions

Tulu : beṭṭuni

Tulu meaning : to cut, circumcise

Tulu derivates : boṭṭuni to beat as a drum, hammer as metal, knock as a door; caus. boṭṭāvuni; boṭṭele drummer

Proto-Nilgiri : *veṭ

Notes : Tulu beṭṭuni either dialectal or borrowed.

Number in DED : 5478

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *veṭ

Meaning : cut, mark of a cut

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : veṭ

Number in DED : 5478

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : WVTV

Meaning : hit

Eurasiatic : *wVdV

Afroasiatic : *wV(H)d- 'hit' (Eg., Berb., ? Chad.)

Sino-Caucasian : *=adV̄ ( ~ -ǝ-)

African (misc.) : Cf. Bantu *-béét- 'hit'.

Reference : ND 2460.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=adV̄ ( ~ -ǝ-)

Meaning: to beat, hit

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *=adV̄ ( ~ -ǝ-)

Sino-Tibetan: *ti (~dh-, -e; -t)

Yenisseian: *tV- / *tVʔVǯ-

Comments and references : HGC 36. In ST cf. also *tǝ̄j 'to butt' 906 (probably same root); *tăj 'dig', *thăH ( ~ dh-) `pound, grind'; in PY - *ʔit- / *ʔat- 'hew, chop', *ta(j)- `split, hew'. Possibly more than one root with *-d-. [Cf. *=ĭṭV, *=ǟtwV, *=āṭwV].

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=adV̄ ( ~ -ǝ-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to butt, beat

Proto-Lak: =a=t:a-

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔat:a

Proto-Khinalug: l-at:ɨ-r-

Proto-West Caucasian: *wǝ-t:a-

Notes: See Абдоков 1983, 166.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: =a=t:a-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to beat

Lak form: =a=t:a-n

Comments: G. pr. =a=t:u-nu. Cf. Khosr. =a=t:a-n id.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔat:a

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to stick into, pierce 2 to butt

Lezghian: aq̇-ad-ar- 1

Archi: =at:a- 2

Comment: Arch. dur. a=t:a-r. The Lezg. verb is formally derived from a noun *aq̇ad, which must be itself a verbal derivate.

Khinalug etymology :

Khinalug root: l-at:ɨ-r-

North Caucasian etymology: 1899

Meaning: to beat, to hit

Khinalug form: lat:ɨr-kʷi

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *wǝ-t:a-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to pound, beat

Adyghe: wǝta-n

Kabardian: wǝda-n

Comments: PAK *wǝt:a-.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ti (~dh-, -e; -t)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: hit, strike

Burmese: tih to hit, knock.

Kachin: ǝdit² to strike.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *tV- / *tVʔVǯ-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to beat; to stick into

Ket: ta:ŕi⁴ (Kur.), ta:dǝ⁴ (Bak., Sur.), taŕ⁴ (North.); (Кастр.) diä-tet́, die-tet́ (pret. dōn-tet́, dun-tet́, pass. ān-tet́, an-tet́) 'to lash', donābtät 'to stick into' (lit. 'beat with knife') (Werner 2, 196 dɔ́ń-tɛt)

Yug: ta:^ht́ 'beat'; (Werner 2, 196) di-dɔ́n-fa-tet́ 'ich steche mit einem Messer'

Kottish: aś-thāta-jaŋ, pret. aś-thūta-jaŋ, imp. aś-tha-n, pass. aś-tho-rītei; āthi-jaŋ, pret. ān-athi-jaŋ, imp. ān-thi, pass. anāthi; d́-āthi 'lashing', d́ō-thi-aŋ 'to lash' (pret. d́ōla-thi-aŋ, imp. d́al-thi, pass. d́alā-thi); (Бол.) el-ota 'I beat'; battajaŋ "stick into", praet. barttajaŋ, imp. arta; (Бол.) tono[p]atɨk(že) "I stick into" [ton- 'knife']

Arin: ajete (Лоск.) ('I beat'); tontasala (Лоск.) "I stick into" [ton 'knife']

Pumpokol: d-ont́-gɨn (донтьгын) (Срсл)

Comments: ССЕ 291. The available forms allow to reconstruct the root *ti- / *ta- (with a verbal complement -Vǯ in Ket-Yug). Connected may be also a not quite clear Yug formation: toud́ej³ 'to push', toutfɨt́³ 'to shove', as well as the second verbal stem with a dental in Ket (Кастр.) aʁ-as-ti (imper.) "hack!" (see also related forms under *ʔit- / *ʔat-). The same verbal stem can be probably discovered in Arin and Pumpokol in the phrase "the thunder strikes" (lit. "God strikes"), cf. Ar. es b́at́ānt́u (М., Сл., Кл.), es b́athianta (Срсл.); Pump. eč-hittióxdu (Сл.), ečhitioxda (Срсл., Кл.). In ССЕ 280 I have additionally (on the basis of Ket, Kottish and Arin forms) reconstructed a separate root *ta(j)- 'to stick into' (accepted, although with a question mark, by Werner 1, 196-197) - which is in fact a variant of the same PY *tV-. Werner 2, 243 <*t^haʔǝd'ǝ / *taʔkǝd'ǝ> 'beat, strike'.