Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *ni(g)wran, *ni(g)wrian

Meaning: kidney

IE etymology: IE etymology

Old Norse: nǖra n.

Norwegian: nüra, nyre

Old Swedish: niūre, OGutn vig-niauri `Hode'

Swedish: njure

Danish: nüre

Old English: (*nēore)

Middle English: nēre

English: kidney

Middle Dutch: niere f.

Dutch: nier f.

Middle Low German: nēre

Old High German: nioro m. `Niere; Hoden' (9.Jh.)

Middle High German: niere, nier wk./st. m. 'Niere; Lende'

German: Niere f.

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *negʷh-r-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: kidney

Old Greek: nephrós, pl. nephrói̯, du. nephrṓ m. `Niere(n)'

Germanic: *ni(g)wr-an- n., *ni(g)wr-ian- n., -iōn- f.

Other Italic: Praenest pl. nefrōnēs, Lanuv. pl. nebrundinēs `Nieren, Hoden'

Russ. meaning: почка (анатом.)

References: WP I 133 f

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *nVgurV

Meaning: kidney

Indo-European: *negʷhr-

Altaic: *ńV́jVrV ( ~ -g-, -ŕ-)

Uralic: *ńarma ?

Dravidian: SDr *ner_- 'vital organ, bosom, anus' (DEDR 3681) + KoGa *nernǯal 'spleen' (DEDR 3751)

Eskimo-Aleut: *Nara-ɣ ?

References: ND 1583 *ńägorV ~ *n̄ägoRV 'groin, small abdominal organs'.

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *ńV́jVrV ( ~ -g-, -ŕ-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: gland

Russian meaning: железа

Mongolian: *nojir

Tungus-Manchu: *ńeru / *ńiru

Japanese: *múrá-t́ua

Comments: ТМС 1, 654. Mong. reflects a dissimilation *ńV́jVrV > *nVjrV. The vocalism is not quite certain because of the variation in TM reflexes.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *nojir

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: pancreas

Russian meaning: поджелудочная железа

Written Mongolian: nojir (L 589: "fat adhering to the intestines")

Khalkha: nojr

Buriat: nojr

Kalmuck: nör (КРС)

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *ńeru / *ńiru

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 gland 2 spleen

Russian meaning: 1 железа 2 селезенка

Evenki: ńerun (dial. ńaru, ńiru) 1, 2

Even: ńiruń 1

Comments: ТМС 1, 654.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *múrá-t́ua

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: kidney

Russian meaning: почка

Old Japanese: muratwo

Middle Japanese: múrádó

Comments: JLTT 488.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 619

Proto: *ńarma

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: groin

German meaning: Leiste

Finnish: näärvä 'Leiste, Weiche; Schambug, Schamleiste', dial. näärän (gen. näärämen) 'Leiste des Pferdes'

Estonian: nääre (gen. näärme) 'Halsdrüse', dial. nä̂rme, närmä', nârma', nä̂re' 'Drüse'

Saam (Lapp): ńā_irme (T) 'Schambug, Schamleiste'

Khanty (Ostyak): ńɔrǝm (Ni.), ńarǝm (O) 'Leistengegend, Grenze zwischen Oberschenkel und Bauch'

Mansi (Vogul): ńārėm 'Schulter; Hüfte'

Sammalahti's version: *n'i6rma

Eskimo etymology :

Proto-Eskimo: *Nara-ɣ

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: belly, abdomen

Russian meaning: живот, брюхо

Proto-Inupik: *nara-, *narraɣ

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 205

Inupik etymology :

Proto-Inupik: *nạrạ-, *narraɣ

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: belly, abdomen 1, to get a big belly 2

Russian meaning: брюхо, живот 1, иметь большой живот 2

Seward Peninsula Inupik: narrak 1, narrak- 2

SPI Dialects: Imaq náraq, nážaq, W nāq* (nāk, nāt) 1, KI nazʁaq* 1

North Alaskan Inupik: narrāk 1, na[r]aq 'part of abdomen', narrak- 2

NAI Dialects: B, Ingl naɣ́ɣ́aq* 1, PH nāq- 'to have full stomach'

Western Canadian Inupik: najjak 1

WCI Dialects: M najjaq* 1, Cop nāq (nagjat* pl.) 'stomach' [Ras.], Sig najjak- 2

Eastern Canadian Inupik: nāq 1

Greenlandic Inupik: nāq (naššat pl.) (nâq)* 1, nāʁtu- 'to be pregnant', nāʁtu 'foetus', naššaɣ- 2

GRI Dialects: NG nassak 1

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 205

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