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Baltic etymology :
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Proto-Baltic: *tem̂- vb. inch., *tam-s-ā̂ f., *tam̂-s-u- (1) adj., *tim̃-s-r-a- adj., *tum̃-s-, *tim̃-s- vb. inch.
Meaning: dark
Lithuanian: témti (témsta, tẽmō) `finster, dunkel, Abend werden'; tamsà `Dunkelheit, Dunkel, Finsternis', tamsù- / ost-, westlit. támsu- `dunkel, finkel, ungebildet', tim̃sra- `bleifarbig, (von Pferden) schweissfüchsig, fuchsrot', ostlit. tumsà 'Dunkelheit, Finsternis'
Lettish: timt (timst, tima) 'dunkel werden', tùmst (tumstu, tumsu), *tìmst (tìmst2, tim̂st2) (timst, timsa) `dunkel werden', tùmsa, tìmsa 'Dunkelheit'
baltet-meaning,baltet-prnum,baltet-lith,baltet-lett,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *temǝ-
Meaning: dark
Old Indian: támas- n. `darkness, gloom', tamasá- `dark-coloured', tamrá- `darkening', támisra- n., támisrā f. `darkness, dark night', tāmrá- `of a coppery red colour'
Avestan: tǝmah- `Dunkel, Finsternis'; tąɵra- n. pl. `Dunkelheit'
Other Iranian: NPers tār `finster'
Latin: tenebrae pl. f. `Finsternis'; temere adv. `blindlings, zufällig, aufs Geratewohl, ohne Grund'; temerāre `beflecken, entweihen, schänden'
Celtic: *tem- > OIr temel `Finsternis', MIr teim, temen `dunkel, grau'; MBret teffal `finster'
Russ. meaning: темный
piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-ind,piet-avest,piet-iran,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-germ,piet-lat,piet-celt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Vasmer's dictionary :
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Word: тёмный,
Near etymology: тёмен, темна́, темно́, укр. те́мний, др.-русск., ст.-слав. тьмьнъ σκοτεινός, ζοφερός (Остром., Супр.), болг. тъ́мен, тъ́мна, сербохорв. та̑ман, та́ман, -мна, -мно, словен. tǝmǝ́n, tǝmnà ж. "темный, слепой", чеш., слвц. temný, польск. сiеmnу, в.-луж. ćěmny, н.-луж. śamny. Из tьmьnъ от *tьma (см. тьма). Ср. ирл. tеmеn "темный" из *temenos; см. Стокс 129.
Pages: 4,40
vasmer-general,vasmer-pages,
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Germanic etymology :
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Proto-Germanic: *ɵimaz-, *ɵinstra-, *ɵunstra-, *ɵimz=, *ɵēm=
Meaning: dim, dark
Old Norse: { ɵām `obscuritas aeri' - откуда это? }
Norwegian: dial. tɔm `unklare Luft, dünne Wolkendecke'
Old English: { dim }
English: dim
Old Saxon: thim `dunkel'
Middle Dutch: deemster `duister'
Dutch: dijzig `nebelig, dunkel'; (alter) deemster
Middle Low German: deemster; dīsig `nebelig, dunkel'
Old High German: themar n. `Dämmerung' (9.Jh.), thinstar `finster' (8.Jh.); themarunga (11.Jh.)
Middle High German: gedemer st. n. 'die dämmerung, das dunkel', dëmere, dëmerunge st. f. 'dämmerung'; dinster, dunster, duster 'finster, düster'
German: Dämmerung f.
germet-meaning,germet-prnum,germet-onord,germet-norw,germet-oengl,germet-engl,germet-osax,germet-mdutch,germet-dutch,germet-mlg,germet-ohg,germet-mhg,germet-hg,
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Pokorny's dictionary :
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Number: 1982
Root: tem(ǝ)-
English meaning: dark
German meaning: `dunkel'
Derivatives: temes- n. `Dunkel', temǝsrā- ds., tems-ro- `finster'
Material: Ai. támas- n. `Dunkel, Finsternis' = av. tǝmah- ds., npers. tam `Star des Auges', ai. tamasá- `dunkelfarbig' (= av. tǝmaŋha- `finster'), tamsra- `dunkel, bleifarben'; támisrāḥ (= lat. tenebrae), jünger támisrā f., tamisra-m `Dunkel'; támasvān (-vant) `finster' = av. tǝmahvant- `verblendet'; tamrá- `verdunkelnd', tāmrá- `dunkelrot, kupferrot', timirá- `dunkel, finster';támāla- m. `Xanthochymos pictorius' (Baum mit sehr dunkler Rinde); aus tamāla-pattram `T.-Blatt'stammen gr. μαλάβαθρον, lat. mālobat(h)rum; av. tąɵra- Nom. Pl. `Dunkelheit', np. tār `finster' = *tam-sra-; gr. (äol.) VN Τέμμῑκες (*tems-);
illyr. Berg-N Τόμαρος bei Dodona;
lat. tenebrae `Finsternis' (diss. aus *temafrā = ai. támisrāḥ Pl.), temere `blindlings, aufs Geratewohl' (Lok. *temesi `im Dunkeln [tappend]'), temerō, -āre `beflecken, entehren' (eig. `unvorsichtig heiligen Dingen nahen'); mir. teim, temen `dunkel, grau', air. temel `Finsternis', mbret. teffal `finster'; ahd. demar n. `Dämmerung'; as. thimm `dunkel' (*þimzá-); mndl. deemster, ahd. dinstar (und wohl auch ahd. finstar) `finster' (*temsro- = ai. tamsra-); nd. dīsig, ndl. dijzig `nebelig, dunkel' (*þemsiga-); dehnstufig wohl aisl. þām `obscuritas aeris', norw. taam `unklare Luft, dünne Wolkendecke';
lit. témsta, témti `finster werden'; tamsà `Finsternis', tamsùs `dunkel', ablaut. lett. tima, timsa und tùmsa `Dunkelheit', lit. tim̃sras `schweißfüchsig, dunkelrot'; lett. tumst (Inf.tumt) `es dunkelt'; aksl. tьma `Finsternis', aksl. tьmьnъ `dunkel'; russ. témrivo `Finsternis'; ob slav. těnь `Schatten' als *tem-ni-s anzureihen?
toch. В tamāsse `dunkel'.
References: WP. I 720 f., WH. II 656 f., 664, Trautmann 322, Vasmer 3, 92 f., 162.
Pages: 1063-1064
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *ṭVmV
Meaning: dark
Altaic: *t`amu (Kalm. tumǝg, TM *tamna-)
Uralic: *tumV (Balt.-F., Kettunen 368)
References: МССНЯ 368; ND 2376 *ṭum(V)qV 'dark'. nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-reference,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : TVMV
Meaning : dark
Amerind (misc.) : ? *tamp 'moon' (R 476); *ṭumak 'night' (R 507) [+ A K]; *tampa 'yellow' (R 876) Reference : МССНЯ 368; ND 538 *d[u]hmV ~ *d[u]mhV 'dark' (SH + IE *dhem-, extracted from *dhemǝ- 'blow, mist'); GE 115 *ṭum. globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-austr,globet-amer,globet-reference,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *duham-
Meaning: be dark
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-sem,afaset-ech,afaset-sho,
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Semitic etymology :
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Number: 947
Proto-Semitic: *duhm-
Meaning: 'black colour'
Arabic: duhm-at-, duhām- 'noir', dhm II 'noircir'
semet-proto,semet-prnum,semet-meaning,semet-ara,
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East Chadic etymology :
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Proto-EChadic: *dVHam-/*daHVm-
Meaning: 'night'
Gabri: damā [?]
Kabalai: damā [Lk:93], dàmà́ [Cp]
Mubi: dè-ḍém [Lk:189]
echet-prnum,echet-meaning,echet-gbr,echet-kbl,echet-mub,
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Saho-Afar etymology :
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Proto-Saho-Afar: *dum-
Meaning: 'be dark'
Saho: dum
Afar (Danakil): dum
shoet-prnum,shoet-meaning,shoet-saho,shoet-afar,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *dVmV
Meaning: dark
Comments and references : In ST cf. also *dhǝ̄mH and *t(h)ūm.
sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-stib,sccet-buru,sccet-notes,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *dV̄mH
Meaning: dark
Tibetan: ãthom, thoms be dim, dull, clouded.
Burmese: tim cloud, LB *(s)tim.
Lushai: čhūm cloud, mist, fog.
Comments: Rgyarung sdim. Sh. 67. Cf. *dhǝ̄mH. stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-burm,stibet-lush,stibet-kir,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 點
Modern (Beijing) reading: diǎn
Preclassic Old Chinese: tēmʔ
Classic Old Chinese: tḗm
Western Han Chinese: tjā́m
Eastern Han Chinese: tiā́m
Early Postclassic Chinese: tiḗm
Middle Postclassic Chinese: tiḗm
Late Postclassic Chinese: tiḗm
Middle Chinese: tíem
English meaning : spot, dot, put a dot [Han]
Russian meaning[s]: 1) капля, капелька; немножко, чуточку; 2) точка; запятая; ставить знаки препинания, размечать текст; 3) сверять (по списку, ведомости); 4) выбрать; назначить; отметить; 5) пятно; пачкать, марать; 6) счетный суффикс для обозначения часа; 7) зажигать (огонь, лампу); 8) суффикс сравнительной степени наречия
Comments: Initial ch- in Viet. is somewhat strange (the regular Sino-Viet. reading is d_iê`m).
Radical: 203
Four-angle index: 1259
Karlgren code: 0618 n
Vietnamese reading: chấm
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 2342
Character: 點
MC description : 咸開四上忝端
ZIHUI: 7820 1791
Beijing: tian 2
Jinan: tiã 2
Xi'an: tiã 2
Taiyuan: tiɛ 2
Hankou: tian 2
Chengdu: tian 2
Yangzhou: tî̃ 2
Suzhou: tî 2
Wenzhou: ti 21
Changsha: tiẽ 2
Shuangfeng: tî̃ 2
Nanchang: tiɛn 2
Meixian: tiam 2
Guangzhou: tim 21
Xiamen: tiam 2
Chaozhou: tiǝm 21
Fuzhou: tieŋ 2 (lit.); tieŋ 2
Shanghai: tî 3
Zhongyuan yinyun: tiem 2
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Kiranti etymology :
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Proto-Kiranti: *d(h)úm-
Meaning: dark
Kaling: 'dumɔ darkness
kiret-prnum,kiret-meaning,kiret-kal,kiret-lim,
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Limbu dictionary :
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Entry: khada:mmaʔ, kha-da:m-
Grammar: vi.
Meaning: get dark (outside during nightfall)
limet-prnum,limet-pspeech,limet-meaning,limet-comments,
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Burushaski etymology :
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Common Burushaski: *ṭumṭaŋ
Meaning: dark
Yasin: ṭuŋṭáŋ
Hunza: ṭuṭáŋ, ḍuṭáŋ, ṭumṭáŋ
Nagar: ṭuṭaŋ
Comments: Sh. ṭumṭáŋ, ṭuṭáŋ
buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-yas,buruet-hun,buruet-ngr,buruet-notes,
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Austric etymology :
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Proto-Austric: *TVm
Meaning: night
Austroasiatic meaning: night; *dʔɨm to stay overnight
Miao-Yao parallels: Yao dɔm.2 morning
Proto-Austronesian: *sedem
Austronesian meaning: dark, evening, twilight
Austronesian code: 21:16
Proto-Thai: dum.B time from 7p.m. to 11p.m.
References: Peiros 1989
austr-meaning,austr-prnum,austr-aa,austr-aame,austr-myao,austr-an,austr-anme,austr-ancode,austr-tai,austr-bibl,
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Austro-Asiatic etymology :
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Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *tam / *tem
Meaning: night
Thai: dum.B time from 7p.m. to 11p.m.
aaet-meaning,aaet-prnum,aaet-thai,aaet-vim,aaet-mon,
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Viet-Muong etymology :
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Proto-Viet-Muong: *tem
Meaning: night
Vietnamese: d̄êm
Tum: bia.21 taem.45
vimet-meaning,vimet-prnum,vimet-viet,vimet-tum,
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Monic etymology :
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Proto-Monic: *tam
Meaning: night
Presyllable: pǝr-
Modern Mon: batam
Old Mon: birtaM
Middle Mon: bataM
Nyakur: pǝtɔm.L
Nyakur meaning: night
References: N234; S-265
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