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Baltic etymology :
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Proto-Baltic: *gnē̂g-ā̂ (1) c.
Meaning: gnaw
Lettish: gn̨ę̃ga `einer, der mit langen Zähnen isst; ein Weinerlicher; einer, der mit der Arbeit nicht fertig werden kann'
baltet-meaning,baltet-prnum,baltet-lett,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *ghnēgh-
Meaning: to gnaw
Tokharian: B nāsk- ( < *gnāg-sk-) 'eat, gnaw' (Adams 334)
Avestan: aiwi-ɣnixta `angenagt, angefressen'
Russ. meaning: глодать
References: WP I 584 f
piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-tokh,piet-avest,piet-balt,piet-germ,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Germanic etymology :
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Proto-Germanic: *knagan-, *gnagan-, *gnagōn- vb.
Meaning: gnaw
Old Norse: gnaga (gnagaδi; gnaginn) `nagen'
Norwegian: gnaga vb.
Swedish: gnaga vb.
Danish: gnave vb.
Old English: gnagan
English: gnaw
Old Saxon: knagan (11.Jh.), gnagan
Middle Dutch: cnāghen st./wk.
Dutch: knagen
Middle Low German: gnāgen, knāgen
Old High German: gnagan (9.Jh.), { knagan }, nagan (11.Jh.), binagan (9.Jh.) st.
Middle High German: nagen st. 'nagen, bezernagen, abnagen'
German: nagen
germet-meaning,germet-prnum,germet-onord,germet-norw,germet-swed,germet-dan,germet-oengl,germet-engl,germet-osax,germet-mdutch,germet-dutch,germet-mlg,germet-ohg,germet-mhg,germet-hg,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *kVngV
Meaning: to gnaw
Comments: Cf. *kenV
nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-esk,nostret-notes,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *keŋV
Meaning: to bite, gnaw
Russian meaning: кусать, глодать
Comments: A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.
altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-tung,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *KEŋdi-
Meaning: to gnaw
Russian meaning: глодать
Khakassian: keŋne- (R. Sag.)
Shor: keŋdi-
Comments: VEWT 253 (all forms found only in Radlov's dictionary: R 2, 1071, 1072). turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-krh,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *keŋi-
Meaning: to bite, gnaw
Russian meaning: кусать, глодать
Evenki: keŋi-
Negidal: kēŋi-
Nanai: keŋne-
tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-neg,tunget-nan,tunget-reference,
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Eskimo etymology :
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Proto-Eskimo: *qanǝʁ(-)
Meaning: mouth, to speak
Russian meaning: рот, говорить
Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 283
esqet-prnum,esqet-meaning,esqet-rmean,esqet-yup,esqet-inup,esqet-refer,
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Yupik etymology :
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Proto-Yupik: *qanǝʁ(-)
Meaning: mouth 1, rumour 2, to speak 3
Russian Meaning: рот 1, слух 2, говорить 3
Sirenik: qanǝ́χ (~ -ʁ) 1, //qanǝmsuɣ- 'to pray' [Orr] < Chap ?
Chaplino: qanǝ́q, kánäq*, kán(n)ɨk* 1, qanǝ́msuk (ɣǝt) 'incantation', //qanǝʁ- 'to speak idly'
Naukan: qānǝq 1, 2, qānǝʁáquq 3
Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: qanǝq 1, qanǝʁ- 'to cuss'
Chugach (Birket-Smith): qanịq 1
Central Alaskan Yupik: qanǝq (ʁ) 1, qanǝʁ- 3
Nunivak (Peripheral): qänʁa* (3sg.) 1
PAME: *qänǝ-ʁ
Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 283
yupet-prnum,yupet-mean,yupet-rmean,yupet-sir,yupet-chap,yupet-nauk,yupet-aay,yupet-chgm,yupet-cay,yupet-nun,yupet-pame,yupet-ced,
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Inupik etymology :
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Proto-Inupik: *qänǝ̣-ʁ
Meaning: mouth 1, to speak 2
Russian meaning: рот 1, говорить 2
Seward Peninsula Inupik: qaniq 1, qaniq- 2
SPI Dialects: Imaq qánɨq 1, 'fame, rumour', qanɨ́ʁatoq 2, W qäniq* (qännąk, qännąt) 1, KI qänẹqtoq* 'to talk'
North Alaskan Inupik: qanɨq (ʁ) 1, qanāq- 'to quarrel'
NAI Dialects: B, Ingl qäniq* 1
Western Canadian Inupik: qaniq 1, qaniq- 'to insult, to quarrel with', qanāluk- 'to argue, to quarrel' [Schn.]
WCI Dialects: Cor, M qäniq* 1
Eastern Canadian Inupik: qaniq 1
Greenlandic Inupik: qaniq (ʁ) (qaneq*) 1
Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 283
inupet-prnum,inupet-meaning,inupet-rmean,inupet-spi,inupet-spis,inupet-nai,inupet-nais,inupet-wci,inupet-wcis,inupet-eci,inupet-gri,inupet-ced,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : KVNV
Meaning : chin
globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-austr,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gVn(Vn)-
Meaning: cheek, face
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-sem,afaset-brb,afaset-egy,afaset-wch,afaset-cch,afaset-ech,afaset-bed,afaset-dhl,
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Semitic etymology :
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Number: 124
Proto-Semitic: *gu/in-, *ʔ/wVgVn-
Meaning: cheek-bone
Syrian Aramaic: (?) gūnītā 'angulus (oculi)' [Brock 125], gūnǝyā 'angulus' [ibid.]. Semantically comparable only if 'angulus oculi' is the primary meaning
Arabic: waǧn-at- 'joue, surtout joue saillante' [ibid. 2 1494]; ʔaǧn-at-, ʔiǧn-at-, ʔuǧn-at- 'pommette, partie saillante de la joue au-dessous de l'oeil' [ibid. 1 14]. ʔV- may be a prefix or another triconsonantizer, besides w-, of the biradical stem *gVn-
Gurage: (?) ENN END GYE MASQ GOG g'in, MUH g'ǝn, SOD gin 'hollow in the nape of the neck' [LGur 309]. According to Leslau, < OROMO ginni). Cf. also MUH MSQ GOG SOD gunnän, CHA gunär etc. 'head' (also 'hair of head' and 'top, summit') [ibid. 284], which Leslau interprets as *gunnän proposing no etymology
Mehri: wǝgnēt 'cheek-bone' [JM 424]
Jibbali: ɛ́gǝnt 'cheek-bone' [JJ 288]; ōgǝn 'to have prominent cheek-bones' [ibid.]
Harsusi: wegnēt 'cheek'
Notes: Common SEM status problematic: SYR and GUR examples are not easily compatible semantically and may have different origin (cf. also ETH EAST: SEL WOL MUH wägän 'side, direction' [LGur 610], GUR: SOD wägän; see comments in *g(ʷ)ann- 'breastbone; side of body', No. ), while all MSA forms may well be Arabisms (cf. also [SSL 1 293]). The ARB data, however, are supported by AFRASIAN (below)
semet-proto,semet-prnum,semet-meaning,semet-syr,semet-ara,semet-gur,semet-mhr,semet-jib,semet-hss,semet-notes,
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Berber etymology :
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Proto-Berber: *-ganan
Meaning: 'cheekbone, jaw'
Ayr: ǝ-ganan, pl. i-ganan-ǝn 'os maxilliare; mâchoire' Aloj 56
Tawllemmet: ǝ-ganan
brbet-prnum,brbet-meaning,brbet-ayr,brbet-twl,
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Egyptian etymology :
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Old Egyptian: d_nn Med
Meaning: Schädel, Kopf'
Notes: EG V 576
egyet-prnum,egyet-meaning,egyet-notes,
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West Chadic etymology :
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Proto-WChadic: *-gun- , *gen-
Meaning: 'cheek' 1, 'face' 2
Mupun: gǝ́n pl. [FrM] (< -gVn, cf. Sem *ʔ/wVgn- )
Sura: gǝn 1 [CLR:68]
Angas: gün 1 [Fl]
Montol: gun 1 [Fp]
Ankwe=Goemai: gen 1 [Hff]
Gera: gene 2 [SchB] (may be of different origin)
Geruma: genne 2 [SchB]
Pa'a: gàn-čǝ́ka 1 [MS]
Sayanchi: guɣǹ 1 [Kr] (<*gV-ɣun < *gVgVn )
Guruntum: gun-zin 1 [Jag: 183] (zin< *zV 'body')
Buli: gùŋi 1 [Kr] , guŋgǝ 1 [Cs] (<*gun-gV)
Guus: gǝŋ1 [Cr]
Notes: .
wchet-prnum,wchet-meaning,wchet-gwn,wchet-sur,wchet-ang,wchet-mnt,wchet-ank,wchet-ger,wchet-grm,wchet-paa,wchet-say,wchet-grn,wchet-bul,wchet-buu,wchet-notes,
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Central Chadic etymology :
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Proto-CChadic: *gin-
Meaning: 'cheek'
Lame: gíní
Peve: ngyen
Zime-Dari: gìn
cchet-prnum,cchet-meaning,cchet-lam,cchet-lpe,cchet-zim,
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East Chadic etymology :
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Proto-EChadic: *gin-
Meaning: 'forehead'
Mubi: gin 'Stirn' Lukas
echet-prnum,echet-meaning,echet-mub,
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Bedauye (Beja) etymology :
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Bedauye: genū́n
Meaning: 'chin, jaw' 'Kiefer, Kinnbacke, Kinnlade'
bedet-prnum,bedet-meaning,
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Dahalo etymology :
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Dahalo: gáḳane (<*gangan-?) (?)
Meaning: 'chin'
Notes: EEN 30
dhlet-prnum,dhlet-meaning,dhlet-notes,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *[q̇]wăŋʔū́
Meaning: flat surface; face
Sino-Tibetan: *Kwaŋ 'cheek': Chepang kwaŋ, Hayu glo-goŋ (see Matisoff 1976, 268).
Comments and references : HGC 25, WFR 84. In ST cf. alternatively *q(r)ām(H) `jaw, cheek'. sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,sccet-buru,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *q̇wănʔū
Meaning: flat surface
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are quite regular. One feels tempted to compare with this root PAK *náḳʷǝ 'cheek, face' (Ad., Kab. naḳʷ - Shagirov's /1, 278/ analysis of *ḳʷǝ here as *gʷǝ 'heart, middle' is not persuasive). However, there are at once two irregularities: one which is rather common (metathesis) and another - shift of *q̇ʷ to *ḳʷ - which is more difficult to account for. We can not offer any final solution.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-aand,caucet-cez,caucet-lak,caucet-lezg,caucet-khin,caucet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *q̇ʷVnV
Meaning: 1 cheek 2 palm of hand
Avar: ʕonó 1
Tindi: uni-rela 2
Comments: Av. paradigm B (ʕonó-dul, ʕaná-l/ʕaná-bi). There is too little information to establish precisely the PA vocalism.
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-tnd,aandet-comment,
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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *q̇ej(V) A
Meaning: 1 palm of hand 2 handful (two cupped hands)
Tsezi: q̇Iiju 1
Ginukh: q̇iju 1
Bezhta: q̇i 2 (Tlad.)
Gunzib: q̇i 2
Comments: PTsKh *q̇eju; PGB *q̇i.
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-cez,cezet-gin,cezet-bzt,cezet-gnz,cezet-comment,
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Lak etymology :
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Lak root: q̇an
Meaning: meadow; plain (in a valley)
Lak form: q̇an
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *q̇ʷan
Meaning: palm of hand
Lezghian: k:apan q̇ʷan
Rutul: q̇ʷanaq
Tsakhur: q̇oneḱ /q̇onaḱ
Archi: q̇ʷan
Comment: The Lezg. word is from the Khliut dialect (lit. "hand's palm"). Rut. and Tsakh. have forms that are originally locative (but cf. also Rut. Kich. kapa-q̇ʷan 'palm of hand' = Lezg. k:apán q̇ʷan). 4th class in all class-distinguishing languages.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-rut,lezget-cak,lezget-arc,lezget-comment,
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Khinalug etymology :
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Khinalug root: q̇on
North Caucasian etymology: 1006
Meaning: a flat open surface
Khinalug form: q̇on
Comments: Cf. also kute q̇on 'palm of hand' (lit. 'hand's surface').
khinet-prnum,khinet-meaning,khinet-khi,khinet-comment,
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Yenisseian etymology :
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Proto-Yenisseian: *qɔŋ ( ~ χ-)
Meaning: face, mouth; form, shape
Ket: qɔŋ 'form, shape'
Yug: χɔŋ 'form, shape'
Arin: b́úqon (М., Сл., Кл.) "mouth"; b́uqon (Сл.) "face"; b́ukon (Срсл.) "mouth"; okun (Лоск.) "mouth"
Pumpokol: qan (Сл.) "lip, face", (Сл., Срсл., Кл.) "mouth"
Comments: ССЕ 244. The Arin form is possessive ("my mouth, my face"). Neither Arin, nor Pumpokol have any traces of word-medial *-w- here, so regarding them as plural forms of *χowe 'mouth' (q.v.), as done by Werner 2, 126, seems hardly possible. The Ket-Yug forms are listed in Werner 2, 108 without a comparison with Ar. and Pump. and without reconstruction .
yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-ari,yenet-pum,yenet-notes,
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Burushaski etymology :
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Common Burushaski: *khiŋ
Meaning: cheek; side
Hunza: khiŋ
Nagar: khiŋ
Comments: Sh. khiŋ
buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-hun,buruet-ngr,buruet-notes,
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Austric etymology :
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Proto-Austric: *kaŋ
Meaning: chin, jaw
Proto-Austroasiatic: *ka:ŋ Austroasiatic meaning: jaw, face
Proto-Austronesian: (Ache kɨǝŋ chin; Chamic *ka:ŋ)
Proto-Thai: ga:ŋ.A chin (Kd *ŋka:ŋA)
austr-meaning,austr-prnum,austr-aa,austr-aame,austr-an,austr-tai,
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Austro-Asiatic etymology :
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Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *ka:ŋ
Meaning: jaw, face
Thai: ga:ŋ.A chin < *
aaet-meaning,aaet-prnum,aaet-thai,aaet-kat,aaet-bah,aaet-vim,aaet-pawa,
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Katuic etymology :
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Proto-Katuic: *ka:ŋ
Meaning: chin
Presyllable: #
Notes: cf. TH ga:ŋ.A chin
katet-meaning,katet-prpr,katet-prnum,katet-wkat,katet-ekat,katet-notes,
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West Katuic etymology :
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Proto-West Katuic:
Meaning: chin
So: kʌ:ŋ.N
So meaning: the chin
Kui: khiaŋ.B
Kui meaning: chin
Kuay: khiǝŋ.B
Kuay meaning: chin
Ngeu: khiǝŋ.B
Ngeu meaning: chin
Notes: KUI forms are borrowed from TH
wkatet-meaning,wkatet-prnum,wkatet-so,wkatet-some,wkatet-kui,wkatet-kuime,wkatet-kuay,wkatet-kuayme,wkatet-ngeu,wkatet-nyeume,wkatet-note,
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East Katuic etymology :
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Proto-East Katuic: *ka:ŋ /*kǝ:ń
Meaning: chin
Presyllable: #
Pakoh: ka:ŋ
Pakoh meaning: mouth (PT-173)
Taojh: ka:ŋ
Taojh meaning: mouth (PT-173)
Ngeq: kǝ:ń VT?
Ngeq meaning: chin
Dakkan dialects (2): bɔŋ ka:ŋ
Dakkan meaning: mouth
Katu dialects (1): ka:ŋ
Katu dialects (4): ka:ŋ
Katu meaning: chin
ekatet-meaning,ekatet-epre,ekatet-prnum,ekatet-pak,ekatet-pakme,ekatet-tao,ekatet-taome,ekatet-nge,ekatet-ngeme,ekatet-dkk,ekatet-dkme,ekatet-and,ekatet-kph,ekatet-katme,
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Bahnar etymology :
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Proto-Bahnaric: *ka:ŋ
Meaning: jaw, chin
Presyllable: #
Bahnar: ka:ŋ
Bahnar meaning: chin
Proto-South Bahnaric: *ka:ŋ Proto-West Bahnaric: *ka:ŋ Proto-Northwest-Bahnaric: *ka:ŋ Harak: ka:ŋ mouth (A)
References: PNB-154, SPT, JS-89
banet-meaning,banet-prpr,banet-prnum,banet-bah,banet-bahme,banet-nob,banet-sob,banet-web,banet-nwb,banet-har,banet-refer,
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North Bahnaric etymology :
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Proto-North-Bahnaric: *ka:ŋ.T
Meaning: jaw, chin
Rengao form: ka:ŋ.T
Rengao meaning: jaw
Jeh form: suk ka:ŋ.T
Jeh meaning: beard, mustache
Sedang form: keaŋ.T
Sedang meaning: chin
Hre form: keaŋ.T
Hre meaning: chin
References: PNB-154
nobet-meaning,nobet-prnum,nobet-ren,nobet-renme,nobet-jeh,nobet-jehme,nobet-sed,nobet-sedme,nobet-hre,nobet-hreme,nobet-refer,
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South Bahnaric etymology :
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Proto-South Bahnaric: *ka:ŋ
Meaning: jaw, chin
Chrau form: ka:ŋ
Chrau meaning: jaw
Stieng form: kkaŋ V?
Stieng meaning: jaw
References: SBS-80
sobet-meaning,sobet-prnum,sobet-chr,sobet-chrme,sobet-sti,sobet-stime,sobet-refer,
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West Bahnaric etymology :
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Proto-West- Bahnaric: *ka:ŋ
Meaning: jaw, chin
Lavi: ka:ŋ
Juk: ga:ŋ
Brao form: ka:ŋ
Brao meaning: jaw
References: JS-89, TB5.42
webet-meaning,webet-prnum,webet-lve,webet-jk,webet-brao,webet-brame,webet-refer,
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North-West Bahnaric etymology :
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Proto-North-West- Bahnaric: *ka:ŋ
Meaning: jaw
Tariang: ka:ŋ
Kaseng: kriǝŋ ka:ŋ
References: TB5.11
nwbet-meaning,nwbet-prnum,nwbet-tr,nwbet-ks,nwbet-refer,
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Viet-Muong etymology :
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Proto-Viet-Muong: *kVŋ
Meaning: mouth
vimet-meaning,vimet-prnum,
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Palaung-Wa etymology :
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Proto-Palaung-Wa: *kɛ(:)ŋ
Meaning: head
Proto-De'ang: *kɛ:ŋ
Riang: kiŋ.1
Riang meaning: head
Lamet: kiŋ.1 head
pawaet-meaning,pawaet-prnum,pawaet-prwa,pawaet-prde,pawaet-riang,pawaet-rimeam,pawaet-pran,pawaet-lamet,
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Wa etymology :
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Proto-Wa:
Meaning: head
Paraok: kaiŋ
Paraok meaning: head
Wa: kAiŋ
Wa meaning: head
Lawa: kaɨń
Lawa meaning: head
Wa (dial.): kaiŋ.1
Wa (dial.) meaning: head
References: D-124: *keŋ
prwaet-meaning,prwaet-prnum,prwaet-praok,prwaet-praokme,prwaet-meng,prwaet-mengme,prwaet-lawa,prwaet-lawame,prwaet-gs,prwaet-gsme,prwaet-bib,
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De'ang etymology :
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Proto-De'ang: *kɛ:ŋ
Meaning: head
De'ang: kiŋ
De'ang-1: geiŋ
De'ang-2: ken.2
Rumai: kɛn.55
prdeet-meaning,prdeet-prnum,prdeet-dea,prdeet-dea1,prdeet-dea3,prdeet-rum,
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Angku etymology :
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Proto-Angku: *kiŋ
Meaning: head
Pangpin: khik.55
Shuangdiang: khik.33
Gantang: khik.55
Yongde: khek.33
Mang'an: khik.51
U: khiʔ.2
Khamet: khiŋ.55
Khme: hi.33
References: WW-240; S-114
pranet-meaning,pranet-prnum,pranet-phu,pranet-shj,pranet-ph2,pranet-yde,pranet-mnn,pranet-u,pranet-kme,pranet-kmq,pranet-bib,
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