Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : PVCV

Meaning : to crush

Eurasiatic : *pi(u)čV

Afroasiatic : *baĉaʕ- (also *bas- 830, *paḥoc̣- 2499, *poḥaĉ̣- 2515, *puc- 2517, *puĉ̣- 2518)

Austric : PAA *pVjh 'grind', PAN *pipit' (= *pipis)

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *pi(u)CV

Meaning: to crush, squeeze

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *peis-

Altaic: *pi̯ŭ̀č`à (cf. also *puse )

Uralic: *pečkä- (*päčkä-) 'cut'; *pic'(c')V 'small' (SKES 158); cf. also *pučkV ; *pičkV

Kartvelian: *beč̣- / bič̣-

Dravidian: *pīc-

Comments: Alt. and Drav. forms meaning 'small' - probably from the same root.

References: ОСНЯ 1, 178-179 (hardly two roots), МССНЯ 369; ND 165 *bic̣V ~ *biĉ̣V 'small' (also hardly to be distinguished from ND 166 *bVć̣VRV 'cut' and ND 168 *bič̣V 'crumble, crush' - although the SH seems to be different: in the 1st case Sem. *bc̣-(r) 'cut; small'; in the 2d case - some Chad. forms). ? Cf. also Ural. in ND 1662 *P_uč̣V 'fall'?

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *pis-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to pound, to thresh

Old Indian: pinaṣṭi, ptc. piṣṭá- `to crush, grind, pound'; peṣtar- `who or what pounds or grinds'

Avestan: pišant- `zerstampfend'

Old Greek: ptíssō (att. -ttō), aor. ptísai̯, p. ptisthē̂nai̯, pf. m. éptismai̯, va. á-ptisto- `durch Stampfen usw. Körner enthulsen, zerschroten'; pticánǟ f. `Gerstengraupen, Gerstengrütze', ptísma n. `Gerstengraupen', ptísi-s f. `das Enthulsen', ptismó-s `das Enthülsen', pl. peri-ptísmata `ausgepresste Weintrauben'

Slavic: *pьxā́tī, *pьšjǭ, *pьšjeno, -ī́cā; *pē̃stъ, *pēstā́

Baltic: *pis- (*pis-a-) vb. tr., *paĩs-ī̂- vb., *peĩs-t-ā̂ f., peĩs-t-a- c.,

Germanic: *pī́s-Vl=

Latin: pīnsō, -ere, pīnsī/-pīnsuī, *pistum/pīnsum `kleinstampfen, zerstossen'; pīsāre/pīnsāre `zerstampfen, zerstossen'; pistor, -ōris `Bäcker'; pistrīnum n. `Stampfmühle; Bäckerei'; pīsō `Mörser'; pīla f. `Mörser', pīlum n. `Mörsekeule; Wurfspiess', pistillum n. `Stampfer'

Other Italic: Umbr pistu `pistum'

Russ. meaning: толочь, обмолачивать

References: WP II 1

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *pis- (*pis-a-) vb. tr., *paĩs-ī̂- vb., *peĩs-t-ā̂ f., peĩs-t-a- c.,

Meaning: pound, thresh

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: paisī́ti (paĩsō) 'die Grannen abschlagen, enthülsen'; piestà (acc. piẽstą), ostlit. piẽsta-s 'Stampfe, Stampfmühle, Mörser', pìsti 'coire cum femina'

Lettish: pàisît 'Flachs brechen; Flachs schwingen; schütteln, prügeln'; pìesta, piests 'Geschirr, darin gestampft wird; hölzener Mörser; Mörserkeule, Stampfe'

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *pī́sVl=

Meaning: mortar

IE etymology: IE etymology

East Frisian: Fris fīsel, fīzel `vijzel'

Middle Dutch: vīsel m. `stampvat'

Dutch: vijzel m.

Middle Low German: vīsel m. `Mörser'

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 1461

Root: (peis-1?) : pis-

English meaning: to grind

German meaning: `zerstampfen, zermalmen' (bes. Getreide)

Derivatives: Nomen actionis p(e)is-ter-

Material: Ai. pináṣṭi `zerreibt, zerstampft' (3. Pl. pįṣánti = lat. pinsunt), piṣṭá- `gemahlen', n. `Mehl', pēṣṭar- `Zerreiber' (: lat. pistor), av. pišant- `zerstampfend'; gr. πτίσσω `stampfe, schrote' (wohl expressives σσ), πτίσμα, πτισάνη `enthülste Gerste', πτίσις, πτισμός `das Stampfen', περιπίσματα `ausgepreßte Weintrauben' (diss. aus *περιπτίσματα); lat. pīnsō, -ere, pinsiō, pi(n)sō, -āre `zerstampfen, zerstoßen' (pīs- mit Nasalreduktion aus pins-), *pīstum, pīnsum, pinsitum; pistor `Bäcker', pīsō `Mörser', pīla ds., pīlum `Mörserkeule' (und `Wurfspieß'), pistillum `Stampfer'; umbr. pistu `pistum'; mnd. vīsel `Mörser', mhd. fisel `penis'; lit. Iterat. paisýti `(Gerste) abklopfen, den Gerstenkörnern die Grannen abschlagen', primär pìsti `coire cum femina'; aksl. pьsǫ und pьchajǫ, pьchati `stoßen', *pьšeno `Mehl', russ. pšenó n. `enthülste Hirse', čech. Iterat. pěchovati `stampfen'.

References: WP. II 1, WH. II 267, 307 f., Trautmann 220 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 692.

Pages: 796

PIE database: PIE database

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *pi̯ŭ̀č`à

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to tear, split, cut

Russian meaning: раздирать, расщеплять, резать

Turkic: *bɨč-

Mongolian: *biči-

Tungus-Manchu: *puče- ( ~ -š-)

Korean: *pčɨ́č-

Japanese: *pàtùr-

Comments: EAS 144, KW 47, ОСНЯ 1, 178. In Turk. also OT biče 'small', Tuva biče id. Cf. also MKor. pčằ- 'to wring out, squeeze' (SKE 18); MKor. pči- 'to cut' (SKE 32); mod. pit-ta (piǯ-) 'cut, slice'. Doerfer's (TMN 2, 427) doubts are hardly justified - the semantic development in Mong. is perfectly well explainable. One should note, however, that low tone in Jpn. does not correspond to Mong. *b- here (one would rather expect *h-); either this is an incorrect tone notation (the Jpn. word is attested in RJ, but not accented in Hirayama's dictionary), or an irregularity in an expressive etymon.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *bɨč- / *bič-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to cut

Russian meaning: резать

Old Turkic: bɨč- (Orkh., OUygh.)

Karakhanid: bɨč- (MK)

Turkish: bič-

Tatar: pĭč-

Middle Turkic: bič- (Pav. C.)

Uzbek: bič-

Uighur: pič-

Sary-Yughur: pɨš-

Azerbaidzhan: bič-

Turkmen: bič-

Khakassian: pɨs-

Oyrat: bɨč-

Chuvash: pǝʷś-

Yakut: bɨs-

Dolgan: bɨs-

Tuva: bɨš-

Tofalar: bɨ'š-

Kirghiz: bič-

Kazakh: pĭš-

Bashkir: bĭs-, bɨs-

Balkar: bič-

Gagauz: bič-

Karaim: bič-

Karakalpak: piš-

Kumyk: bič-

Comments: EDT 292-293, VEWT 73, ЭСТЯ 2, 158-160, Stachowski 71. Turk. > Hung. biczak 'knife' ( Gombocz 1912).

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *biči-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 small 2 to demolish, crush

Russian meaning: 1 маленький 2 уничтожать, разламывать

Written Mongolian: biči-qan 1 (L 102), bič-al- 2 (L 101)

Khalkha: b́acxan 1, b́acla- 2

Buriat: bišɨxan 1, bisal- 2

Kalmuck: bičkṇ 1

Ordos: bičaxan 1

Baoan: beǯiGǝn 1 (Тод. Бн.)

Dagur: piči 'into small pieces'

Monguor: paǯilǝ 'into small pieces'

Comments: KW 47, MGCD 154. Mong. > Yak. bɨčɨk etc. (VEWT 75).

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *puče- ( ~ -š-)

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to split, burst 2 to pierce through

Russian meaning: 1 лопаться, рваться, раскалываться 2 протыкать, продирать

Evenki: huče-rge- 1

Udighe: pusege- 1 ( < unattested Nan. or Ulch.)

Comments: ТМС 2, 358 (the Manchu and Orok forms are included incorrectly).

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *pčɨ́č-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to tear

Russian meaning: раздирать

Modern Korean: č:it- (-č-)

Middle Korean: pčɨ́č-

Comments: Nam 441, KED 1559.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *pàtùr-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to pare, whittle, remove the skin

Russian meaning: подрезать, срезать, сдирать

Old Japanese: patur-

Middle Japanese: fàtùr-

Comments: JLTT 686.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 743

Proto: *pečkä- (*päčkä-)

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: to cut

German meaning: schneiden

Finnish: (pätkä 'Stummel, Rest, Stück', pätki- 'abpflücken' - rejected by Redei)

Saam (Lapp): bæśkedi- (N) 'cut hair or wool off', pieskēti- ~ päskēti- (L) 'schneiden, abschneiden, Haar schneiden', piehckē- (Not.) 'scheren'

Mordovian: pečke- (E M) 'schneiden, schlachten' ?

Mari (Cheremis): pǝčkä- (KB), püćka- (U), püčka- (B) 'abschneiden, abhauen' ?; pečke- (B) 'schneiden', pečkalta- 'teilweise brechen, anbrechen'

Nenets (Yurak): pidā- (O) 'scheren, schneiden (Haare, Bart), pītćeme 'Eigentumsmarke, -zeichen'

Enets (Yen): firiʔ (Ch.) (gen. firoʔ), fidiʔ (B) 'Fleck, Merkzeichen', firiʔa- (Ch.), fidiʔa- (B) 'zeichnen, zustutzen'

Selkup: püti̮- (Ta.) 'scheren'

Kamass: pшdǝ-, pǝdǝ- 'schneiden, scheren (z.B. die Haare)'

Addenda: Koib. педлямъ 'стригу'; Mot. хиддиямъ

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *beč̣- / bič̣-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: разламывать, крошить

English meaning: to mince, crumble

Georgian: bič̣-

Svan: beč̣ḳw-, bič̣ḳw-, bäč̣ḳw-

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 52, EWK 54. В ОСНЯ 1, 179 корень возводится к ностр. *bič̣V (ср. ПИЕ *peis-, драв. *pīc-; ср. также алт. *piuča id.). Драв.-картв. сравнение см. также в Бомхард 1996, 226.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *pīc-

Meaning : to squeeze, milk

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *pIc-a-, *pIc-ai-

Proto-Telugu : *pis-uk-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *pīc-, *pic-k-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *pīc-

Proto-North Dravidian : *pic-k-

Notes : The vowel was apparently shortened before the suffixal *-ak- already in PDR.

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *pIc-a-, *pIc-ai-

Meaning : to squeeze

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : picai (-v-, -nt-)

Tamil meaning : to work with the thumb and fingers in mixing, knead, squeeze or mash between the palms, crush and separate as kernels of grain from the ear, rub or apply on the skin, strike against one another as branches in the wind

Tamil derivates : picakku (picakki-) to press between the fingers, squeeze, crush; picar_u (picar_i-) to mingle, mix with the hand

Malayalam : piśiṭu

Malayalam meaning : husks of fruits, oilcake

Malayalam derivates : piśukku the remains of expressed coconuts

Kannada : pisuku

Kannada meaning : to squeeze, press as a fruit, knead, shampoo

Kannada derivates : hisi to squeeze (a ripe fruit) so as nearly to separate it into two pieces; (Hav.) (?) hīñcu to squeeze out pus from a boil

Tulu : piskuni, pīsuni

Tulu meaning : to squeeze, press

Tulu derivates : poje(ŋ)kuni to knead, rub, squeeze, strangle; (B-K) pijakkụ, pijaŋkụ, pejaŋkụ to squeeze, strangle

Proto-Nilgiri : *piS-ǝg-

Miscellaneous : KOR (O) pijaŋki to crush

Number in DED : 4135

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *piS-ǝg-

Meaning : to be soft so that it can be squeezed

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : picg- (picgy-)

Additional forms : Also Kota pick- (picky-) to squeeze, pinch; picpicn beaten to a pulp, cooked to a pulp (of grain)

Number in DED : 4135

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *pis-uk-

Meaning : to squeeze, press, knead, shampoo, handle

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : pisuku

Number in DED : 4135

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *pīc-, *pic-k-

Meaning : to crush, knead

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Naikri : pijg- "to knead"

Parji : pīk- "to crush"

Ollari Gadba : piskolp- (piskolt-) "to squeeze"

Salur Gadba : pīc- "to milk"

Additional forms : Also Parji pīc- to grind

Number in DED : 4135

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *pīc-

Meaning : to squeeze, milk

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *pis-k-

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *pīc-

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *pīc-

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *pis-k-

Meaning : to knead

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Betul Gondi : piskānā "to knead flour"

Adilabad Gondi : puskānā

Additional forms : Also many dial. pisk- to squeeze, press, knead

Number in DED : 4135

Number in CVOTGD : 2258

Pengo-Manda etymology :

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *pīc-

Meaning : to milk

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Pengo : pīc- (pīcc-) "to squeeze, milk"

Manda : pīc-

Number in DED : 4135

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *pīc-

Meaning : to press, milk

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : "to press, squeeze, milk"

Khuttia Kui : pīc-

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : pīcali "to milk, wring, press out (oil)"

Kuwi (Schulze) : pīcinai "to quash, wring"

Sunkarametta Kuwi : pīc- "to press out, wring, milk"

Kuwi (Israel) : pīc- (-it-) "to milk, squeeze"

Number in DED : 4135

North Dravidian etymology :

Proto-North-Dravidian : *pic-k-

Meaning : to press and bruise, flatten by crushing

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kurukh : pickaʔānā (refl.pass. pickārnā)

Number in DED : 4135

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *baĉaʕ-

Meaning: tear off, brek off

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *bVŝVʕ- 'tear off' 1, 'pierce' 2

Western Chadic: *baHaĉ- 'break off'

Semitic etymology :

Number: 495

Proto-Semitic: *bVŝVʕ-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'tear off' 1, 'pierce' 2

Tigre: bšʕ 1

Tigrai (Tigriñña): bsʕ 1

Amharic: bässa 2

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *baHaĉ-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'tear off'

Hausa: ḅā̀sā́

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *bħǝ̄́nq̇V̆

Meaning: log, pole

North Caucasian: *bħǝ̄nq̇_V̆

Sino-Tibetan: *p(h)ăŋ

Yenisseian: *pǝ̄q- (?)

Burushaski: *-pháɣo

Basque: *mak-

Comments and references : Differently in HGC 29, LV D2. Cf. *bVrḳwV̄́.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *bħǝ̄nq̇_V̆

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: pole, post

Proto-Nakh: *b(ɦ)eq̇V (~ -a-)

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *muq̇:V

Proto-Tsezian: *maq

Proto-Lak: maʁi

Proto-Lezghian: *marq:(a)

Proto-West Caucasian: *bǝq̇V-wǝ (~-ǝ̃-)

Notes: Correspondences are quite regular. Other Caucasian languages have borrowed this root: cf. Georg. dial. boq̇wi 'pilaster' (from Abkh.), Balk. bǝq:ǝ 'a small post' (from Kab.), see Shagirov 1977,2,47.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *b(ɦ)eq̇V (~ -a-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: pole

Ingush: beq̇a

Comments: Isolated in Ing., thus the PN reconstruction is tentative. Nakh > Osset. (Dig.) bäqä 'pole', see Abayev 1958, 250.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *muq̇:V

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 pole 2 ceiling

Avar: moq̇: 1

Andian language: moq̇:ol 2

Akhvakh: muq̇:e 1

Chamalal: muq̇: 1

Tindi: muq̇:u 1

Karata: nuq̇:e 1

Godoberi: muq̇:u 1

Comments: Av. paradigm A (móq̇:i-l, móq̇:a-l). Cf. also Akhv. Tseg., Tlan., Cham. Gig. muq̇:u, Kar. Tok. muq̇:i. Besides And. moq̇:ol with the meaning 'ceiling' cf. also Cham. Gig. (Bok.) muq̇:u id., Kar. L.-Enkh. miq̇:ela; usually this meaning is present in the compound *muq̇:V-riƛ̣:V (with different assimilations and transformations), cf. Av. móq̇:ruƛ̣:, And. (Tsertsvadze) moq̇:o-lƛ̣:i, Cham. jeq̇:-muq̇:, Gig. req̇:-muq̇:a, Kar. miq̇:a-laƛ̣:i etc.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *maq

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 short stick,rod 2 stake 3 vertical stick (in fence)

Tsezi: maIq 1

Bezhta: maq 2

Gunzib: maq 3

Comments: PGB *maq. The oblique base was probably *mɨqu- (with a regular *a/*ɨ Ablaut): it is preserved now as a separate stem in Bezht. miqo, Gunz. mɨqu "pole" (also from this source comes Gin. nuqo id. with labialisation shift).

Lak etymology :

Lak root: maʁi

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: roof, ceiling

Lak form: maʁi

Comments: Cf. Khosr. maʁu id.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *marq:(a)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 stick, pole 2 shepherd's staff

Tabasaran: marʁ 1

Agul: marʁ 2 (Bursh.)

Comment: Cf. also Tab. Düb. marq:a; in Ag. (Bursh.) there is a variant marʕ.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *bǝq̇V-wǝ (~-ǝ̃-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 post, log, pile 2 pilaster, post, pillar

Abkhaz: a-bǝ́q̇ʷ

Adyghe: p:q:aw

Kabardian: pq:ow, bǝq:ow

Comments: PAT *bVq̇ʷǝ (cf. also Bz. a-báq̇ʷ); PAK *bǝq̇:á-wǝ / *p:q:á-wǝ. Despite Klimov (1968, 292) there are no reasons to consider the Abkhaz form an Adygh loan. Kumakhov's etymology (1964,126) - PAK *b(ǝ)q:áwǝ from *p:q:ǝ 'corpus, skeleton' - seems dubious, first of all because of the Kab. form bǝq:ow (there's no parallel form *bǝq:ǝ 'skeleton' in Kab.). Very dubious is the comparison with Ub. bǝq̇Iʷ 'thick' (Shagirov 2, 47).

    Since there is no Ub. cognate, it is impossible to determine whether the first vowel in PWC was nasalized or not. Somewhat unclear is the status of the PAK *-wǝ: it is either a suffix (in this case *bǝq:áwǝ < *bǝq:ʷá-wǝ), or part of the root which has yielded labialisation in Abkh. (*bVq̇ʷǝ < *bVq̇ǝwǝ).

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *p(h)ăŋ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: tree, plant

Burmese: ǝpaŋ plant, tree.

Lushai: paŋ-pār a flower, a blossom.

Kiranti: *b(h)Vŋ tree

Comments: Bodo paŋ classifier for plants.

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *b(h)Vŋ

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: tree

Limbu: siŋ=bo:ŋ

Dumi: bhu

Yamphu: siŋ=bu

Limbu dictionary :

Entry: siNbo:N

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: tree.

Derivation: [siN wood + -bo:N tree]

Dumi dictionary :

Entry: bhu

Kiränti etymology: Kiränti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: tree

Nepali: rukh.

Yamphu dictionary :

Entry: siŋbu

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: a) tree; b) tree-trunk.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *pǝ̄q-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: thin rods of birdcherry tree for sewing together pieces of birch bark (сарга)

Ket: hʌʁ⁴ (South.), North. hʌ:ʁǝ⁴; pl. hʌqŋ⁵

Yug: fʌ:^hx, pl. fʌqŋ⁵

Comments: ССЕ 248. Werner 1, 341 <*p^hǝʔǝqǝ>.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *-pháɣo

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: stick, walking stick

Hunza: -pháɣo

Nagar: -pháɣuỵ

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *mak-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 thick, heavy club 2 (shepherd's, bishop's) crook, crosier 3 forked pole, fork 4 hook 5 cane, staff

Bizkaian: maket 1

Gipuzkoan: (Berastegi) mako 4

High Navarrese: (Arakil) mako 3, (Lezaka) mako 4

Low Navarrese: mako 2, 5

Lapurdian: mako 2, 3, 4, 5

Baztanese: mako 3, 4

Roncalese: mako 2

Comments: The status of (c) makila, makhila ‘stick, cane’ is disputable: Michelena (1961: 51) and some earlier scholars derive it from Latin bacilla, plural of bacillum ‘rod’, but it seems just as likely to be a native development of the root *mak-, or a blend of Bsq *mako + Lat. bacilla.

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