Konda etymology :

Konda : kuṛŋi- (-t-)

Meaning: to be hollowed out, (floor) to form pits

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Additional forms : Also Konda kuṛk- (-t-) to hollow out, make pits

Number in DED : 1818

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *koṛ-, *koṛ-aɣ-

Meaning : hole, pit

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *koṛ-

Konda : kuṛŋi- (-t-)

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *kṛɔj

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *kṛā-ɣu

Notes : The second component, seen in PPM and PK, is unclear: the usual suffix is simple *-ɣ-. Cf. such forms as Tamil kuṛ-āy. Konda -u- unclear; maybe due to back articulation of preceding/following velars.

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *koṛ-

Meaning : ditch, hole

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Gommu Gondi : koṛi "ditch, hole, grave"

Muria Gondi : koṛpanj (pl. koṛpahk) "pit to trap animals"

Maria Gondi : koṛi "ditch, hole, grave"

Number in DED : 1818

Number in CVOTGD : 933, 941

Pengo-Manda etymology :

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *kṛɔj

Meaning : pit, hole, ditch

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Pengo : kṛoy

Manda : kṛay

Number in DED : 1818

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *kṛā-ɣu

Meaning : pit, hole

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : kṛāu (pl. kṛānga) "pit, hole, cave"

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : graiyū (pl. grānga) "hole"

Kuwi (Schulze) : glāyu "a well"

Sunkarametta Kuwi : gṛāyu "hole, pit"

Parja Kuwi : gṛāyu "hole, pit"

Additional forms : Also Kui krōḍu (pl. krōṭka) quiver, tube; krūpa pool, spring, place for washing clothes

Notes : In Kuwi an unexplained voicening.

Number in DED : 1818

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *koẓ-

Meaning : tube, pipe; hole, pit

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *koẓ-[al]-

Proto-Telugu : *koṛ-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kuṛ-ub-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *koṛ-, *koṛ-āɣ-

Brahui : xurr-um

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *koẓ-[al]-

Meaning : tube; to curl

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : kuẓal

Tamil meaning : any tube-shaped thing, flute, pipe, tubularity, curling hair, woman's hair dressed by coiling and tying up behind in a roll

Tamil derivates : (kuẓalv-, kuẓan_r_-) to curl (intr.); kuẓar_ci curling (as of a woman's hair); kuẓai, kuẓāy tube, pipe; kuẓi pit, hole, hollow, cavity, depression, excavation, pond, well; (-v-, -nt-) to be hollowed out (as a hole, pit, cavity), sink hollow; (-pp-, -tt-) to form pits, hollows, cavities, sink, excavate, inscribe, engrave; kuẓici pot, hub of a wheel; kuẓiŋ-kai palm of the hand; kuẓippu forming pits, a hollow, depression; kuẓivu hollowness; kuẓumpu pit

Malayalam : kuẓal

Malayalam meaning : tube, flute, women's hair tied in a knot

Malayalam derivates : kuẓali woman with fine hair; kuẓa what is hollow, eye of a needle, aperture in the head of an axe or hoe, bone in forearm or foreleg; kuẓi hollow, hole, excavation, pit, grave; kuẓiyuka to become hollow, deepened; kuẓikka to dig a hole, dig out

Kannada : koẓal

Kannada meaning : flute, fife

Kannada derivates : koẓavi, koẓave, koẓāyi, koẓivi tube, blow-pipe (esp. used to blow fires with), tubular stalk; kuẓi, guẓi, kuṇi, guṇi hollow, hole, pit, grave; kuẓi to make a hole, dig; kuṇike a hollow, cavity; (K2) kuḷumpe a hollow place where water accumulates; (Bark.) gumme a deep pond; (Gul.) gumma depth; kōvi tube, flute, gun (< Te.)

Kodagu : koḷa

Kodagu meaning : flute

Tulu : koḷavè, kolavè, kolāyi

Tulu meaning : a hollow tube

Tulu derivates : guri, guḷi hole, pit; (B-K) nelakkuri, nelakkuḷi mortar for pounding rice; kurepini, kurepuni to bore, scrape, excavate, drill; korepini, korepuni to bore; koḷalụ fife; koḷambè a drain; gurumbè anything hollow; gurmpè, gurmbè pond, pool, puddle; gurụmpe puddle, temporary reservoir in a dry field; (B-K) gurumpu a low-lying place where water accumulates; gurkè, (B-K) kurikke, kuḷike, gurike, gurke a close-mouthed big copper vessel used to heat water for bathing, etc.

Proto-Nilgiri : *koṛǝl (?)

Number in DED : 1818

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *koṛǝl (?)

Meaning : tube, Kota clarinet, tune of clarinet, curl

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : korl, koḷāy

Toda : kwēɫ̣

Additional forms : Also Kota koḷ clarinet; goṛḷ hollow between two sloping hills

Notes : The derivative *koṛ-āj > Kota koḷāy is of PSDR origin. A complex case overall (PN *-ṛ- in a rare context; Toda -wē-, in particular, is an extremely rare reflex); it is unclear whether Kota korl and koḷ are dialectal variants or one of them (or both?) is a borrowing.

Number in DED : 1818

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *koṛ-

Meaning : tube, hole

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : kōlu

Dialectal forms (1) : krōlu (B)

Inscriptional Telugu : kṛocu "to dig"

Additional forms : Also krōvi tube, flute; goyyi, (B also) groyyi pit; (B) groyyu to be formed into a hole or pit; groccu, (K also) kroccu to dig; (Inscr.) kṛōce, kṛocce be engraved; kukki pit, hollow; (VPK) goppu digging out weeds

Number in DED : 1818

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kuṛ-ub-

Meaning : pit

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Parji : kuṛub (pl. kuṛbul)

Ollari Gadba : kuṛup "a well"

Poya Gadba : kuṛub "hole in the ground, pit"

Number in DED : 1818

Brahui etymology :

Brahui : xurrum

Meaning : grainpit

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Number in DED : 1818

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ḳUrV

Meaning: hole

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: ? *k(ʷ)ert-

Uralic: *kurV

Dravidian: *koṛ- 'hole, pit'

References: Tyler 27 (U-D)

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *k(ʷ)ert-, *g(ʷ)-

Meaning: den

Old Indian: kartá- m. `hole, cavity', kŕ̥tā f. `abyss', kāṭá- m. `deepness, hole, well', gárta- m. `hollow, hole, cave'

Baltic: *kirt-a-

Russ. meaning: нора

References: WP II 573 f

Comments: [Except for gárta-, all very probably < *kert- 'cut']

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *kirt-a-

Meaning: den

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: { kirta-s `Tierlager' }

Uralic etymology :

Number: 428

Proto: *kurV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: cavity, hollow, pass between mountains

German meaning: Vertiefung, vom Wasser ausgegrabener Hohlweg, Pass zwischen zwei Bergabhängen

Finnish: kuri 'enger Paß, Gasse', kuru 'Furche, Vertiefung zwischen Bergen, Bucht'

Estonian: kuru 'Winkel, dunkler Korridor, schmaler Weg zwischen Zäunen, Eingang in den Keller'

Saam (Lapp): gurrâ -r- (N) 'chip, dint, cleft, small mountain gap', kurra (L) 'Schnitt, Kerbe; schmale Senke in einem Hochgebirgsrücken', kurr (T) 'Schlucht'

Komi (Zyrian): guran (S V Le. Pr.) 'Grube, Vertiefung' ?

Khanty (Ostyak): kor (V Trj.) 'Höhlung (in einem Baum), Höhlung, Bett (eines Baches)', jos-χor (O) 'durch den Wald gehauener Weg', wač-kor (V) 'Straße'

Hungarian: horhó, horó, horh, horhos, horog, horgos (dial.), hurhu (altung.) 'tiefer Gebirgsweg, enger Weg zwischen zwei Bergabhängen'

Sammalahti's version: *kuri

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVRLV

Meaning : leaf; reed?

Eurasiatic : *HVrVlV (*HVlVrV)

Afroasiatic : Sem. *ħurVll- 'reed' (?)

Sino-Caucasian : *ƛ̣wɨ̆rʡV

Austric : PAA *la, SM *ɔla 'leaf' (also *lVr k. of palm)

Reference : ND 833 (Nostr.-Sem.).

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ƛ̣wǝ̆rHV́

Meaning: leaf

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ƛ̣wɨ̆rʡV

Sino-Tibetan: *ƛā(k)

Basque: *lahar̄

Comments and references : BCD 21. [Cf. Drav. *alar 'blossom, flower'?]

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ƛ̣wɨ̆rʡV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: leaf

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ƛ̣ol(H)i

Proto-Dargwa: *ḳa

Proto-Lezghian: *ƛ̣uruƛ̣

Proto-West Caucasian: *ṗƛ̣a

Notes: The PWC form has a frequent labial prefix (*P-). In PA there occurred a lateral assimilation (*r > l after *ƛ̣-); otherwise the correspondences are regular, and the comparison can be considered as quite reliable. See Abdokov 1983, 107 (with a basically correct comparison, but citing also many superfluous forms, not belonging to the present root).

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ƛ̣ol(H)i

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 leaf 2 leaves (for tanning)

Avar: ṭa 2

Andian language: ƛ̣oli (Gud.) 1

Akhvakh: ƛ̣ãde 1

Chamalal: al (U.-Gakv.) 1

Tindi: ali 1

Karata: ƛ̣ale 1

Botlikh: ʕali 1

Bagvalal: ḳ́al 1

Godoberi: lali 1

Comments: Av. paradigm A (gen. ṭá-dul). Cf. also Akhv. Tseg. ṭali, Tl. ṭander, Ratl. ƛ̣ãder (all Akhv. forms except Tseg. go back to a suffixed form *ƛ̣ol-di-r), Kar. Arch. ale, Rach. ƛ̣ale, Chab. ṭala, Tok. alʔi, Cham. Gig. al.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *ḳa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: foliage

Akusha: ḳa-ri

Comments: A plural form from PD *ḳa 'leaf', reflected in Ur., Kub. ḳa.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *rɨƛ̣ʷ- / *ƛ̣ʷɨrɨƛ̣ʷ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 leaf 2 bud

Lezghian: riq̇I-äj (Khl.) 1

Rutul: q̇uruq̇ 1

Budukh: ḳuruḳ 2

Comment: Rut. and Bud. reflect a reduplicated form (*ƛ̣ʷɨrɨƛ̣ʷ > *ƛ̣uruƛ̣); the Lezg. form has a frequent suffix *-Vj. 3d class in Rut. and Bud.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *ṗƛ̣a

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 leaf 2 foliage

Adyghe: ṗč̣́ā-ś 2

Kabardian: ṗṣ́ā-śa 2

Ubykh: ṗć̣a-pá 1

Comments: PAK *ṗč̣á-śa (the second component is not quite clear; without it cf. probably Kab. ṗṣ́i-j 'plane seeds' = "belonging to leaves", see Shagirov 2, 53; despite Abdokov 1983, 107 it is hardly a separate WC root). In Ub. cf. also ṗć̣á-wa 'leaf', ṗć̣ā́-d(ǝ)ʁa 'paper'. The correspondence PAK *č̣́: Ub. ć̣ points unambiguously to PWC *ƛ̣.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ƛā(k)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: leaf

Chinese: 蘀 *ƛ_āk withered and fallen leaves, �, 茶 *Łā a k. of plant, tea.

Tibetan: lo-ma leaf; la-ma 'a k. of grass'

Burmese: lak-phak, la-phak tea.

Kachin: lǝphra³ dry and fallen leaves.

Kiranti: *lä(m)

Comments: Mikir lo; Magari hla; Vayu lo; Chepang lo; Ben. 146.

Chinese characters :

Character: 蘀

Modern (Beijing) reading: tuò

Preclassic Old Chinese: ƛ(h)āk

Classic Old Chinese: ƛ(h)āk

Western Han Chinese: l̥āk (~ ƛh-)

Eastern Han Chinese: l̥āk

Early Postclassic Chinese: thāk

Middle Postclassic Chinese: thāk

Late Postclassic Chinese: thāk

Middle Chinese: thâk

English meaning : to wither; withered leaves

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Karlgren code: 0790 r

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *lä(m)

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: leaf

Tulung: -lam in sēlam, selbam ( = K sɔphulem) leaf, paper

Kaling: -lem in sɔphu-lem dry leaf

Limbu: -lā in tetlā leaf

Kulung: sibo-lou (Toba)

Comments: Toba 92 *sV __m. Cf. also *bhak-läm shoulder blade.

Limbu dictionary :

Entry: tɛtla

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: leaf

Comments: cf. tɛʔl.

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *lahar̄

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: bramble, creeping thorn

Araban: agar

Bizkaian: lar, (Arratia, Markina, Orozko) laar, (Oñate) naar, (Otxandiano) nar, (Zigoitia) ar

Gipuzkoan: laar

High Navarrese: lar

Low Navarrese: lahar

Salazarese: naar, ñar

Lapurdian: lahar, (Ainhoa) laar

Baztanese: lagar, laar

Zuberoan: nahar

Roncalese: nar, ñar

Comments: Widespread but sporadic dissimilations of *lahar̄ > na(ha)r̄. also to *ahar̄ > agar, ar.

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