Chinese characters :

Character: 煎

Modern (Beijing) reading: jiān

Preclassic Old Chinese: ćen

Classic Old Chinese: cen

Western Han Chinese: cjan

Eastern Han Chinese: cjan

Early Postclassic Chinese: cjen

Middle Postclassic Chinese: cjen

Late Postclassic Chinese: cjen

Middle Chinese: cjen

English meaning : to fry [L.Zhou]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) выпаривать; подсушивать на огне; поджаривать; жареный; 2) засахаривать; засахаренный

Comments: Standard Sino-Viet. is tiễn (with irregular tone).

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 86

Four-angle index: 8590

Karlgren code: 0245 g

Vietnamese reading: chiên

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ćer

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: boil, cook

Chinese: 煎 *ćen fry, boil.

Lushai: čiar be thoroughly cooked (by boiling).

Comments: Cf. Kanauri chars 'dry'; perhaps also Miju sal id., Kir. *sär 'to boil, boil dry'.

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 1655

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 煎

MC description : 山開三平仙精

ZIHUI: 3533 1829

Beijing: ćian 11

Jinan: ćiã 11

Xi'an: ćiã 11

Taiyuan: ćiɛ 1

Hankou: ćian 11

Chengdu: ćian 11

Yangzhou: ćî̃ 11

Suzhou: cî 11

Wenzhou: ći 11

Changsha: ciẽ 11

Shuangfeng: ćhî̃ 31

Nanchang: ćiɛn 11

Meixian: ciɛn 11

Guangzhou: čin 11

Xiamen: cian 11

Chaozhou: cieŋ 11

Fuzhou: cieŋ 11

Shanghai: cî 1

Zhongyuan yinyun: cien 1

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=ĭmʒ́Ĕr

Meaning: to roast

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *=ĭmʒ́Ĕr

Sino-Tibetan: *ćiar

Yenisseian: *ǯa(ʔ)-qan-

Comments and references : HGC 37, WFR 107.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=ĭmʒ́Ĕr

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to bake, roast

Proto-Nakh: *=att-

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *=iž-

Proto-Tsezian: *=[i]š-

Proto-Lak: č:u=č:i-

Proto-Dargwa: *=erc:- / *=uc:-

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔič:ar-

Proto-West Caucasian: *źʷa

Notes: A reliable common NC etymology, first proposed by Balkarov (1964, 100); see also Абдоков 1983, 158-159. An alternative comparison (Charaya 1912, 26) with Georg. c̣wa, Megr. č̣wala 'burn' can not be accepted.

    Labialisation in PWC is secondary: either due to a lost class prefix, or to the labialising influence of the lost -m- (cf. above about the secondary variant *-ĭmʒ́wĔr in EC).

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *=att-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to bake, roast

Chechen: =att-

Ingush: =att-

Batsbi: =att-

Comments: Short vowel: cf. Chech. =ott-u, =ett-ira, Ing. =ott, =etta-.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *=iž-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to bake, roast

Avar: =ež-

Chadakolob: =ež-

Andian language: =ež-

Akhvakh: =iž-

Chamalal: =ez-

Tindi: =ež-

Karata: =ež-

Botlikh: =ež-

Bagvalal: =ež-

Godoberi: =ež-

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *=[i]š-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to bake, roast

Tsezi: =eš-ad- (Radzhibov)

Ginukh: =eš-

Khvarshi: iš-an-

Inkhokvari: iš-an-

Bezhta: žiž-äh-

Gunzib: žǝž-

Comments: PTsKh *=iš-; PGB *ž[i]ž-. The PGB form is reduplicated. Vowel reconstruction not quite certain (Ablaut?).

Lak etymology :

Lak root: č:u=č:i-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to burn

Lak form: č:u=č:i-n

Comments: G.pr. č:u=č:u-nu. Cf. Khosr. č:u=č:i-n id.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *=erc:- / *=uc:-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to bake, roast 2 to roast (grain)

Akusha: =erz-es 1

Chiragh: =erc:- /=uc:-

Comments: It seems worthwhile to note also PD *=imč:Vr- / *=umč:- 'to warm oneself, warm up' (Ak. =umž-es, Ur. =imǯVr- / =umǯ-) which can reflect a variant of the same EC root with a secondary labialisation ( *=ĭmʒ́wĔr). The non-labialised variant, because of the regular change *ʒ́ > *c:, is in PD confused with the reflex of PEC *=ĕrc_Ă 'to roast (grain)' q.v.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔič:ar-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to bake, roast 2 to boil

Lezghian: č:ra- 1

Tabasaran: u=ǯ- 1

Agul: už- 1

Rutul: ǯirǯe- 1

Tsakhur: k-e=že- 1

Kryz: ǯir- 2

Archi: čar- 1

Comment: Cf. also Ag. Bursh. uǯa-, Kryz. pres. ǯiǯri, imp. s-äǯir. Some of the forms are reduplicated (cf. Rut., Kryz. pres., Arch. imp. čarača).

    See Trubetzkoy 1930, 89; Лексика 1971, 247; Гигинейшвили 1977, 85.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *źʷa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to roast, bake

Abkhaz: a-ʒ-rá

Abaza: ʒ-ra

Adyghe: źa-n

Kabardian: źa-n

Ubykh: žʷa-

Comments: PAT *ʒ́ǝ- (cf. also Bzyb. a-ʒ́-rá); PAK *źa-; Ub. a-z-žʷá-n. See Shagirov 1, 200 (with literature).

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *ǯa-qan-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to roast, fry

Ket: daqqɔt⁵ (North.); South. daqŋ⁵

Yug: d́aqŋ⁵

Kottish: čaiganaŋ "to burn", praet. čalauganaŋ, imp. čalaugan

Comments: ССЕ 309. A complex stem: the second part is evidently *ʔǝqan 'boil' (q.v.). Werner 1, 179 reconstructs <*d'aʔq, plur. *d'aqŋ>, not taking into account the interrupted Kottish paradigm.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : CVRV

Meaning : roast, boil

Afroasiatic : *ǯaʔar-

Sino-Caucasian : *=ĭmʒ́Ĕ́r

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ǯaʔar-

Meaning: cook, boil

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Egyptian: d_ꜣr (gr) 'cook (v.)' - Cf.

Central Chadic: *ʒar- 'boil'

East Chadic: *ʔaǯVr- 'boil'

Egyptian etymology :

Old Egyptian: d_ꜣr (gr)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'cook (v.)'

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *ʒar-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'boil'

Masa: zala-mo [Kr]

Mesme: zàr [Kr N 372]

Banana: zǝlwǝ̀ [Kr]

Notes: C 12 *zar 'boil' [Sy]. -l- < *-r- in Massa and Banana is possible

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *ʔaǯVr-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'boil'

Tumak: ʔàǯǝ́r [Cp ?]

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