Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *psṭu

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: bull

Chechen: stu

Ingush: ust

Batsbi: psṭu

Comments: Ing. has a secondary prothesis (ust < *u-sṭu). Obl. base *psṭare- (cf. Chech. stera-, Ing. istar-o, Bacb. psṭari-). 6th class in all languages. The same historical root (with loss of *p-) is present in the compound *sṭ-aḳ "man, person" q.v.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ćwĭjo

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: man, male

Proto-Nakh: *psṭu

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *čVjV

Proto-Tsezian: *ži-ḳʷǝ A/*zi-ḳʷǝ A

Proto-Lak: čuw

Proto-Dargwa: *s:ub

Proto-Lezghian: *š:ʷij

Proto-West Caucasian: *ćǝ / *ć̣ǝ

Notes: One of very widely spread common NC roots. Correspondences are quite regular (Nakh *p- reflects labialisation, while *sṭ is a result of the following -j-). There may have existed an early variant *ćĭwo (or *ćĭwjo) which would account for Nakh forms without *p- (*sṭ-aḳ) and the PWC absence of labialisation.

    A possible HU parallel is *-s(u)wa in Hurr. tar-ž(u)wa-nnǝ, Urart. tar-šua-nǝ 'man, human being' (where *tar- is probably connected with *tur- 'male', see *lɨwŁV); see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 39.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *čVjV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: man

Avar: či

Chadakolob: či

Comments: Av. paradigm B (pl. čaʕí). The root was generally lost in Andian languages; it is, perhaps, preserved within an old compound *miʎi-ča- 'young man, male' q.v.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *ži-ḳʷǝ A / *zi-ḳʷǝ A

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: man

Tsezi: ž-eḳu

Khvarshi: ž-iḳwa

Bezhta: s-uḳo

Gunzib: s-uḳu

Comments: Cf. also Tsez. Asakh. žeḳʷi. PTsKh *žiḳʷǝ, PGB *suḳu. The word is originally a compound *ži-hiḳʷǝ (see *hiḳʷǝ); the vacillation *ž/*z is rather often a reflex of PEC palatal sibilants.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: čuw

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: man

Lak form: čuw

Comments: Cf. also the compound čiw-arḳ 'people, men'.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *s:ub

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: male, man

Akusha: sub

Comments: Cf. also Kait. suw id.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *š:ʷij

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: man

Lezghian: -vi

Tabasaran: ž̌i

Agul: šuj

Kryz: firi

Budukh: furi

Udi: išu, iš-q:ar

Comment: The Lezg. vi (cf. also Nüt. ɣü) is used presently only in compounds (like lezgi-vi 'a Lezgian' etc.); also rare is it in Tabasaran (in compounds like murgu-ž̌i 'a brave man' etc.). The obl. vowel base had been probably *š:ʷija-, cf. Ag. šuj, šuwa-, Fit. xüj, xüja-. For initial *š:ʷ cf. also Ag. Burk. š:̌uj. Kryz. and Bud. have suffixed forms (originally probably plurals). See Хайдаков 1973, 99.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *ćǝ / *ć̣ǝ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 person 2 people, persons

Adyghe: c̣ǝ-fǝ 1

Kabardian: c̣ǝ-xʷ 1

Ubykh: ćǝ́ća 2

Comments: PAK *c̣ǝ-xʷǝ́; the second component probably goes back to PWC *ʎʷA 'be born' q.v. The Ub. form is reduplicated. Like some other roots, this one reveals a variation in glottalisation, reasons for which are not yet clear.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ćwĕjo

Meaning: man

North Caucasian: *ćwĭjo

Sino-Tibetan: [*Caŋ] (?)

Yenisseian: *ǯeʔŋ

Burushaski: *ses

Comments and references : DCE 14. PY -ʔ- does not correspond to lax phonation in PNC and may be secondary in the plural form.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: [*Caŋ]

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: person

Burmese: LB *chaŋ person.

Comments: Cf. also Midzhu tsoŋ, Naga *ca[ŋ], Trung *chaŋ, Sichuan *chV, Jiarong tǝ-tsɔ. Sh. 185.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *ǯeʔŋ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: people

Ket: dɛʔŋ

Yug: d́ɛʔŋ

Kottish: čeäŋ, *čeaŋ, pl. čeäŋan "folk, people"

Comments: ССЕ 309. A plural form of an unattested *ǯeʔ 'person'.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *ses

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: person(s), people

Yasin: ses

Hunza: sis

Nagar: sis

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