Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *jobsṭ ( ~ -ō-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 earth 2 loose earth

Ingush: jost 2

Batsbi: jobsṭ 1

Comments: PN *jobsṭ, *ʔabsṭV-r- (cf. Ing. astaro). 4th class in Ing., 3d class in Bacb. Without Chech. parallels the vowel length is not clear.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *jōmć_V

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: earth

Proto-Nakh: *jobsṭ ( ~ -ō-)

Proto-Dargwa: *ʕanč:i

Proto-Lezghian: *jo(m)čV ( ~ ʔ-)

Proto-Khinalug: inč:i

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are regular.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *ʕanč:i

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: earth

Akusha: ʕaInži

Chiragh: ʕanč:ija

Comments: Cf. also Ur. ʕanǯi, Kub. ʕanč:a, Tsud. ʕanč:i, ʕanč:a etc.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *jo(m)čV ( ~ ʔ-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 dirt 2 earth

Udi: očIi 1, očIal 2

Comment: The root is isolated in Udi, but seems to have reliable external parallels (the MSU recordings spell oč:Ii 'dirt', so it may be a different root after all).

Khinalug etymology :

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *jV́mćV

Meaning: earth, sand

North Caucasian: *jōmć_V

Sino-Tibetan: *CVŋ (?)

Yenisseian: *ʔeʔǯ- (~x-,-ʒ-)

Basque: *hauć

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: [*CVŋ]

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: earth, sand

Comments: The root is present in: Miju ka.33 šiŋ.2, Chang (Konyak) pacaŋ 'sand', Naga *cVŋ 'earth, sand', Upper Bangni (Tani) sechaŋ 'earth'.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔeʔǯ- (~x-,-ʒ-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: damp sand

Ket: ɛŕeŋ⁵, Bak., Sur. ɛdǝŋ⁵

Comments: ССЕ 186. Werner 1, 240 *edǝŋ. A reconstruction of *-ǯ- (or *-ʒ-) is preferable because the root is probably the same as in the compound *qeʔs-*ʔeʔǯVŋ (see *qeʔs).

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *hauć

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 ashes 2 powder 3 Ash Wednesday

Bizkaian: auts 1, 2, errauts 1

Gipuzkoan: auts1, 2 auster, austerre 1

High Navarrese: auts, auster 1, errauts 2, (Lezaka) austerri 3

Low Navarrese: hauts 1, herrauts 2

Lapurdian: hauts 1, auster 1, herrauts 2

Baztanese: errauts 2

Zuberoan: hauts, hautx 1, erháuts, erhautx 2

Roncalese: auts 1, errauts 2

Comments: The compounds *er̄-hauć and *hauś-t-er̄e contain *er̄e 'to burn'.

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