Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ƛ:al

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: bark, shell

Tabasaran: ɣal

Agul: gal (Bursh.)

Udi: qIol

Comment: Obl. stem *ƛ:ole- or *ƛ:ola- (the vowel *-o- is suggested by Ud. qIol; cf. Tab. ɣáli-).

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *Ł_ŏli

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: colour; to paint

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ƛ̣:iri

Proto-Dargwa: *k:uli

Proto-Lezghian: *ƛ:al

Proto-West Caucasian: *Ĺa-

Notes: The semantic correlation "skin":"colour" is observed also in several other roots, thus the etymology is fully justified. The phonetic side of it is also quite regular (in PWC we should expect *L - a phoneme which lacks as such, and must have merged early with *Ĺ).

    In WC languages the root is verbal, in EC - nominal; the only trace of its verbal usage is perhaps a Lak. form (recorded in the Khosrekh dialect) =u=k:a-n 'to paint'.

    Abdokov (1983, 77) quotes also Kab. La, q:ʷǝ-La 'inner side of skin' (which he compares with heterogeneous EC material, having nothing to do with the present root); if it really exists (we could not find it in existing dictionaries), it may be a remnant of *Ł_ŏli with the meaning 'skin'.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ƛ̣:iri

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: colour

Avar: ƛ̣:er

Akhvakh: ƛ̣:eri

Karata: ƛ̣:ere

Godoberi: ƛ̣:eri

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *k:uli

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 skin 2 sheepskin

Akusha: guli 1,2

Chiragh: k:ule 2

Comments: Cf. also Ur. ɣuli, Kub. k:ule 'skin, hide' etc.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *Ĺa-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to paint

Adyghe: La-

Kabardian: La-

Ubykh: La-

Comments: PAK *La-. Since the PAK and Ub. forms correspond perfectly to each other, Shagirov's (1,242) complicated reasoning and reconstruction of the original meaning "good, to rejoice" seems absolutely unnecessary (to say nothing of linking the root with Abkh. a-gʷǝ-r-ʁ́a-ra which is phonetically impossible).

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *Łŭ́li

Meaning: skin, colour

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *Ł_ŏli

Sino-Tibetan: *roɫH

Yenisseian: *ʔoʔĺ ( ~ x-, j-)

Basque: *lar̄u

Comments and references : WFR 22, MCGD 7. [but ST presupposes a shift *'color' > 'bright (color)' and is somewhat dubious).

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *roɫH

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: light

Chinese: 孌 ronʔ be beautiful, handsome

Tibetan: khrol-khrol bright, shining, khrol-po sparkling, glistening, dazzling.

Burmese: hrwanh be clear, bright, shining.

Comments: Cf. *rōnH.

Chinese characters :

Character: 孌

Modern (Beijing) reading: lǚan

Preclassic Old Chinese: ronʔ

Classic Old Chinese: rwán

Western Han Chinese: rwán

Eastern Han Chinese: rwán

Early Postclassic Chinese: lwén

Middle Postclassic Chinese: lwén

Late Postclassic Chinese: lwén

Middle Chinese: lwén

English meaning : be beautiful, handsome

Russian meaning[s]: 1) прекрасный; миловидный; 2) послушный

Comments: Also read *ronʔ-s, MC lwèn, Pek. lüàn id. Cf. 戀.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 38

Four-angle index: 8864

Karlgren code: 0178 k-l

Shijing occurrences: 39.1, 42.2_

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔoʔĺ ( ~ x-, j-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: hull, suffusion

Ket: ɔʔĺ (pl. ɔ́ĺeŋ)

Yug: ɔʔl (pl. ɔ́lɨŋ)

Comments: Werner 1, 48 *oʔl (compares also Kott. ol 'grave', which is quite unlikely - see *ʔol).

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *lar̄u

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: skin, leather

Bizkaian: narru

Gipuzkoan: larru

High Navarrese: larru

Low Navarrese: larru

Salazarese: larru

Lapurdian: larru

Baztanese: larru

Aezkoan: larru

Zuberoan: lárrü

Roncalese: larru

Comments: Dissimilation (l > n) in Bzk.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : LVLV

Meaning : skin

Eurasiatic : *ṭVlV

Afroasiatic : ? Chad. *tala 'skin'

Sino-Caucasian : *Łŏ́li

Reference : ND 2362.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ṭVlV

Meaning: skin

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *t`ulu ( ~ -o)

Uralic: talja

Dravidian: *tōl

References: ND 2362 *ṭalUya 'skin, fell' (with a somewhat strange treatment of Alt.; + Chad.).

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *t`ulu ( ~ -o)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: torn and scraped skin

Russian meaning: содранная и ободранная шкура

Turkic: *tul- (*tol-)

Mongolian: *tulum

Tungus-Manchu: *tul-

Korean: *turumaki

Comments: Lee 1958, 118, Poppe 1950, 580, Дыбо 10. Doerfer (TMN 2, 550-553), and similarly Щербак 1997, 157, regard the Mong. forms as borrowed < Turkic, where he derives all the above forms from *tul- 'abgesperrt sein' (a poorly attested reflexive form of the equally poorly attested *tu- 'absperren'): hardly acceptable. Since only the velar derivatives (in -kuk, -uk) are early attested in Turkic, it seems more plausible to regard forms like tulum / tulup as borrowed from Mongolian.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *tul- (*tol-)

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 skin container 2 scraped skin

Russian meaning: 1 кожаный мешок 2 голая, ободранная шкура

Old Turkic: tolquq (OUygh.) 1

Karakhanid: tolquq (MK) 1

Azerbaidzhan: tuluG 1

Oyrat: tulaq 2

Comments: EDT 496, VEWT 497-498, Лексика 387.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *tulum

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: leather bag

Russian meaning: кожаный мешок

Written Mongolian: tulum (L 841)

Khalkha: tulam

Buriat: tulam

Kalmuck: tulṃ (КРС)

Ordos: tulum

Mogol: tulum (Weiers)

Comments: Mong. > Yak., Turk. tulum, probably also Karaim tulup etc. (see VEWT 498); > Manchu tulume, tulum 'a cow- or sheepskin filled with air that is used to aid a person crossing the river' (see Rozycki 212).

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *tul-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to tear out, lose (horns) 2 to tear out 3 large torn ram skin

Russian meaning: 1 выдирать, терять (рога) 2 выдирать 3 крупная мерлушка (с большого барашка)

Evenki: tulduli- 2

Even: tụldъ̣q- 1

Literary Manchu: tulxu 3

Comments: ТМС 2, 210, 211.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *turumaki

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: overcoat

Russian meaning: плащ

Modern Korean: turumaki

Comments: KED 504 (says "a compound noun" - but the components are unclear).

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1036

Proto: *talja

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: skin

German meaning: Haut, Fell

Finnish: talja 'Haut, Fell' ?

Saam (Lapp): duol'lje -llj- 'skin of a reindeer or elk with hair on it' (N), tuol'jē (L) 'Fell, Haut (woran die Haare noch dran sind)', ti̊_ilje (T), tūlj (Kld.), tuelj (Not.) 'Rentierfell, Bett, Lager' ?

Mansi (Vogul): (tåwėĺ (N) 'Leder' - rejected by Redei)

Nenets (Yurak): tāj 'Gesichtshaut (beim Menschen bis zum Haar, beim Rentier bis zum Geweih)', (Sj.) taje 'Sohlenleder des Skis' ?

Enets (Yen): tājo (Ch.), taijo (B) 'Kopfhaut' ?

Nganasan (Tawgi): tuaja 'Stirnhaut (unter dem Haar)' ?

Selkup: tuja, tuuja (Ke.), tuija (NP) 'Haar' ?

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *tōl

Meaning : skin, hide

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *tōl-

Proto-Telugu : *tōl-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *tōl

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *tōl

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *tōl-

Meaning : skin

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : tōl

Tamil meaning : skin, hide

Tamil derivates : toli (-pp-, -tt-) to strip off (bark), flay, husk, hull; n. skin, rind, husk

Malayalam : tōl

Malayalam meaning : skin, hide

Malayalam derivates : tolikka to skin, peel; toli skin, bark, peel, rind

Kannada : tōl(u)

Kannada meaning : skin, hide, leather, skin of fruit

Kodagu : tōlɨ

Kodagu meaning : skin, hide

Kodagu derivates : toli- (tolip-, tolic-) to peel, hatch; (Shanmugam) tolip peeling

Tulu : tolikè

Tulu meaning : skin, bark, rind

Tulu derivates : (B-K) toli, tolpu to peel off, remove as the bark or skin; tollu to pluck out (as hair, feathers, etc.)

Proto-Nilgiri : *tōl_

Miscellaneous : KOR (M) tōru skin

Notes : Easily contaminated with *tok- 'skin, bark, rind' q.v.

Number in DED : 3559

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *tōl_

Meaning : skin, hide

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : tōl

Toda : twɨ̄s_

Additional forms : Also Kota tōkrl small peg used in pegging down hide to dry (tōl + karl [see 1389])

Number in DED : 3559

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *tōl-

Meaning : skin, bark, rind

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : tōlu

Dialectal forms (1) : skin, hide, leather

Number in DED : 3559

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *tōl

Meaning : skin

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kolami : tōl "(Haig, Hislop) skin, hide"

Kinwat Kolami : tōl "skin, hide"

Naikri : tōl

Naiki : tōl

Parji : tōl "skin, bark"

Ollari Gadba : tōl "skin, bark"

Salur Gadba : tōl

Number in DED : 3559

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *tōl

Meaning : skin, hide

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *tōl

Konda : tōlu

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *tōl

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *tōl-u

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *tōl

Meaning : skin, hide

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Betul Gondi : tōl

Mandla Gondi (Williamson) : tōl

Mandla Gondi (Phailbus) : tōl

Gommu Gondi : tōla "skin, bark of tree"

Muria Gondi : tōl

Seoni Gondi : tōl(u) (pl. tōlku) "skin, bark of tree, skin of fruit"

Koya Gondi : tolka "skin, bark of tree, skin of fruit"

Yeotmal Gondi : tōl

Maria Gondi (Mitchell) : tōla "skin, bark of tree"

Adilabad Gondi : tōl

Durg Gondi : tōla "skin, bark of tree"

Additional forms : Also Gondi_Ko (Su.) tōlu skin

Number in DED : 3559

Number in CVOTGD : 1828

Konda etymology :

Konda : tōlu

Meaning: skin (of animals)

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Konda (Burrow/Bhattacharya) : tōl

Number in DED : 3559

Pengo-Manda etymology :

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *tōl

Meaning : skin

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Pengo : tōl

Number in DED : 3559

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *tōl-u

Meaning : skin, hide

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : ṭōḍu (pl. ṭōṭka) "buffalo hide (from which bellows or shields are made)"

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : tōlū

Kuwi (Schulze) : tōlu

Sunkarametta Kuwi : tōlu (pl. tōlka)

Parja Kuwi : tōlu (pl. tōlka)

Kuwi (Israel) : tōlu (pl. tōlka)

Notes : The root may be related to *tōla 'egg'.

Number in DED : 3559

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