Lezghian etymology : List with all references

Proto-Lezghian: *ʡiqIä-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 get cold 2 cold 3 to go out, be extinguished

Lezghian: el-üq-iz 3

Tabasaran: aqIu 2,-abqIub1

Agul: d-aqIa-s 1

Rutul: s-a-qIa-s 3

Tsakhur: ḳ́a-aqIa-s 3

Budukh: ʕatχa 2

Archi: χIe-t:ut 2

Comment: Cf. also Arch. a=χIa-s (dur. =arχIu-r) 'to be extinguished, go out'. A verbal stem, belonging to the strong verb class in PL. Most forms reflect the Ablaut grade *ä (*ʡäqIa-); the grade *-i- is preserved in Arch. χIe- ( < *ʔiqIä- 'cold'.

Most Lezghian languages have derived from this root words for 'shadow': Lezg. qen (Khl. äqIän), Tab. Düb. d-aqIin (Kand. d-aqIun 'mountain shadow'), Ag. aqI (Bursh. d-aqI), Rut. aqI / aqIan, Tsakh. aqI, Arch. ejχIurt.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=HĭGĀ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to freeze, get cold, be benumbed

Proto-Nakh: *ʁōr

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *=iʁ-

Proto-Lak: =aI=q:i-

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔiqIä-

Proto-Khinalug: q:i

Proto-West Caucasian: *q:ǝ

Notes: PN and Khin. have preserved only nominal derivates of the root; in PL and Lak. it still functions as a verb. The vocalic reconstruction is not quite certain because of reduction in PN (in a suffixed derivate) and pharyngealization. The EC-WC comparison seems both phonetically and semantically reasonable. See Абдоков 1983, 175.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *ʁōr

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 cold (n.) 2 freeze

Chechen: ʁōr-ō 2

Batsbi: ʁor 1

Comments: 4th class in Bacb. Cf. also Bacb. ʁor-ĩ 'cold as ice', ʁor-dar 'freeze'. Historically this is a verbal root with a suffixed -r. A trace of the vocalized stem *-aʁ- is probably present in the compound Chech. ʕin-daʁ, Ing. ʕin-darʁa 'shadow'.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *=iʁ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to get cold, freeze

Andian language: =eʁ-eš-

Chamalal: =eʁ-aʎ-

Comments: Cf. also Cham. Gig. =eʁ-ič- (the root *-iʁ- is attested only within compound verbs).

Lak etymology :

Lak root: =aI=q:i-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: grow cold; catch cold

Lak form: =aI=q:i-

Comments: Pret. =aI=q:u-nu. Cf. also the derivates: daIrq:u (gen. daIq:i-l) 'cold; rheumatism', daIirq:u-s:a 'cold' (adj.).

Khinalug etymology :

Khinalug root: q:i

North Caucasian etymology: 21

Meaning: cold

Khinalug form: q:i

Comments: Cf. also q:ä-wil id.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *q:ǝ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to be benumbed,dumbfounded (by cold,surprise etc.)

Adyghe: q:ǝ-n

Kabardian: q:ǝ-n

Ubykh: q(ǝ)-

Comments: PAK *q:ǝ- (see Kuipers 64); Ub. sǝ-qǝ́-n. In Shapsugh the verb also means 'to harden' (which may be a contamination with another WC root, *q:ʷa q.v.).

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=HĭGĀ́

Meaning: ice; to freeze

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *=HĭGĀ

Sino-Tibetan: *Kja(j)H

Yenisseian: *qo (~χ-)

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *Kja(j)H

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: thick (of fluids), congealed

Chinese: 脂 *kij fat (?)

Tibetan: ãkhja(s)-pa to freeze, congeal; ska thick (of fluids)).

Burmese: kjaʔ strong (of tea).

Kachin: lǝgji³ be frozen, be stiff, numb, (H) ge, gje to thicken, as juice; be congealed.

Comments: Burm. khajh congealed, frozen may belong here, too (although it has merged with the reflex of *ghǝ̆l q.v.). [Two roots should be distinguished].

Chinese characters :

Character: 脂

Modern (Beijing) reading: zhī

Preclassic Old Chinese: kij

Classic Old Chinese: kij

Western Han Chinese: kjǝj

Eastern Han Chinese: kjǝj

Early Postclassic Chinese: kjij

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kjij

Late Postclassic Chinese: kji

Middle Chinese: ći

English meaning : fat, grease

Russian meaning[s]: 1) сало, жир; жирный; 2) помада; крем; румяна; 3) прекрасный

Comments: Attested already in Shijing, but absent in Schüssler's dictionary.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 130

Four-angle index: 1582

Karlgren code: 0552 g

Jianchuan Bai: ci4

Dali Bai: ci5

Bijiang Bai: čer4

Shijing occurrences: 39.3, 57.2_

bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-jianchuan,bigchina-dali,bigchina-bijiang,bigchina-shijing,

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 1041

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 脂

MC description : 止開三平脂章

ZIHUI: 5176 0443

Beijing: c̣î_ 11

Jinan: c̣î_ 11

Xi'an: ci_ 11

Taiyuan: ci_ 2

Hankou: ci_ 2

Chengdu: ci_ 11

Yangzhou: ci_ 11

Suzhou: cü 11

Wenzhou: ci_ 11

Changsha: c̣î_ 11

Shuangfeng: c̣î_ 11

Nanchang: ci_ 2

Meixian: ci_ 11

Guangzhou: či 11

Xiamen: ci XH

Chaozhou: ci 11

Fuzhou: cie 11

Shanghai: ci_ 1

Zhongyuan yinyun: či 1

doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *qo (~χ-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: ice

Ket: qō

Yug: xō

Comments: ССЕ 260. Werner 2, 126 <*qogǝ>. Kott. ušōx 'ice' is hardly comparable with the Ket form (see under *čǝG-), and Ket qɔgdɔ 'to break ice' hardly justifies a reconstruction *qogǝ: it is rather a compound of qo + k...dɔ 'to clear the way" (or perhaps a component = Yug k-duk 'to break').

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVKV

Meaning : ice, cold

Eurasiatic : *jVkV

Afroasiatic : *'Vk(Vk) ?

Sino-Caucasian : *=HĭGĀ́

Reference : Suggested by V. Glumov.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *jVkV

Meaning: ice, cold

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *i̯eǵ-

Uralic: *jäkšV (cf. also *jakša )

Dravidian: *ēk-

References: ND 2625 *yäka 'ice, cold' (+ Om.).

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *eig'-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: ice-floe, icicle

Hittite: eka- n. 'Eis?', ekuna-, ikuna- 'kalt' (Tischler 103, 105)

Slavic: [ *jьkrā `льдина' - с глухим под влиянием прочих "икр" ? ]

Baltic: *eĩǯ-iā̃, *eĩǯ-ia- c., *iǯ-ā̂ f., *iǯ-a- c.

Germanic: *jik-an- m., *jik-il-a-, -ul-a- m.

Celtic: MIr aig, gen. ega f. `Eis'; Cymr iā m. `Eis', iaen `glacicula'; OCorn iey gl. `glaties', iein gl. `frigus'; MCorn yeyn, yen `kalt'; Bret ien `kalt'

Russ. meaning: льдина, сосулька

References: WP I 206

Vasmer's dictionary :

Word: икра́

Near etymology: III. "льдина", диал. -- ряз., тамб., сарат. (РФВ 66, 205), также кры́га -- то же, севск. (Преобр.), укр. iкра, др.-чеш. kra, чеш., польск. krа -- то же.

Further etymology: Сомнительно сравнение с авест. аеχа- "лед, мороз", нов.-перс. уеχ "лед" (Бернекер 1, 424; Преобр. I, 268). Брюкнер (KZ 44, 33) возводит это слово вместе с икра́ I и II к общему к. со знач. "ком, опухоль"; ср. также Соболевский, ЖМНП, 1886, сент., стр. 147. Ср. кри́ца.

Pages: 2,126

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *eĩǯ-iā̃, *eĩǯ-ia- c., *iǯ-ā̂ f., *iǯ-a- c.

Meaning: icicle

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: ižà, ìža-s `Eisscholle', pl. ìžōs `Grund-, Treibeis'

Lettish: ìeze² `Eisspalte', ìezis `Sandfels, felsenartige Sandlagerung, besonders an Flussufern, Gestein'

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *jikēn, *jikila-z, -ula-z

Meaning: icicle

IE etymology: IE etymology

Old Norse: jaki m. `Eiszapfen, -stück', jɔkull m. `Eis, Gletscher'

Norwegian: jökel; dial. jak(e); jökul, jukul

Old Swedish: ikil

Swedish: jökel

Old Danish: egle `Eiszapfen'

Old English: gicel, -es m. `icicle'

English: icicle (< īses gicel)

Middle Low German: OLG ichilla `stiria'

Low German: īs-jack, īs-hekel, jäkel `Eiszapfen'

Old High German: ichil `stiria'

German: schweiz. jäch `Reif, gedrorener Tau auf Bäumen', gicht (= gejicht)

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 773

Root: i̯eg-

English meaning: ice

German meaning: `Eis'

General comments: nur germ. und kelt.

Material: Altnord. jaki m. (*ekan- < *jekan-) `Eisstück', vgl. schweiz. jäch, gicht (= gejicht) `Reif, gefrorener Tau auf Bäumen'; demin. Bildung altnord. jǫkull m. `herabhängender Eiszapfen, Gletscher'; ags. gicel(a) m. `Eiszapfen, Eisscholle', engl. icicle = ags. īses gicel, anord. ichilla `stiria', ndd. īshekel, jäkel `Eiszapfen' (mnd. jokele ds. dürfte aus dem Nord. stammen); ahd. ihilla (= *jichilla) `stiria';

mir. aig f. (Gen. ega) `Eis' (*i̯egi-s), cymr. iā m. ds., iaen (*i̯eginā) `glacicula', acorn. iey gl. glaties, iein gl. frigus, mcorn. yeyn, yen `kalt', br. ien `kalt'.

Das a in mir. aig ist aus e vor palat. g entstanden, das a in den brit. Formen hingegen durch den Wandel von anlaut. je- zu ja- zu erklären; vgl. unter i̯et-;

über hitt. e-ku-na-š `kalt' vgl. Pedersen Hitt. 171.

References: WP. I 206; Schweiz. Idiotikon II 112 f., 1120, III 5, IV 1010.

Pages: 503

PIE database: PIE database

Uralic etymology :

Number: 167

Proto: *jäkšV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: cool, cold

German meaning: kühl, kalt; kühl, kalt werden

Finnish: jähty- 'erkalten, kalt, abgekühlt werden', jäähty- 'sich abkühlen'

Saam (Lapp): iksem, jiksem (N) 'frigidus', jieksō- (L) 'kühler, kälter werden (vom Wetter)', jeuhsas 'kalt und windig', jeuhsos 'kühl, frisch', jik͕̄sem (T) 'kalt'

Mordovian: ekše (E), jäšä, äšä (M) 'kühl; Schatten; das hinter gelegene', ekšse (E) 'hinter'

Mari (Cheremis): ükše- (KB), d́ükše- (U), jükše- (B) 'kalt werden', üštǝ (KB), d́üštö (U) 'kalt; Kälte', jüštö (B) 'kalt; Frost'

Khanty (Ostyak): jöɣli (V) 'kalt; Kälte', jȧ̆ɣлi (Trj.) id., jȧ̆ɣtǝ (DT) 'etwas kalt, kühl', jĭлĭ 'kühl; Kühle'

Addenda: Kar. jähtü-; Veps. jäuhtu-

References: FUV; SKES; КЭСКЯ; DEWO 341; Collinder Comp. Cr. 64, 104, 169, 411

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *ēk-

Meaning : to cool down

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-North Dravidian : *ēq-

North Dravidian etymology :

Proto-North-Dravidian : *ēq-

Meaning : to cool down

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kurukh : ēxnā (īxyas) "to lose heat, cool down, lose the heat of excitement or passion"

Malto : ēg̣e "to become cool, be healed"

Additional forms : Also KUR ēxrnā (heat of day) abates; ēxtaʔānā to cool (tr.); MLT ēg̣tre to make cool.

Number in DED : 875