Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *š(ʷ)Vrṭ / *č̣VIrṭ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 bird 2 nestling, young of birds

Tabasaran: č̣aIrṭ 2

Tsakhur: šiṭ 1

Comment: The Tab. and Tsakh. forms are probably related (cf. perhaps also Rut. č̣ʷed 'jackdaw, rook'), although the correspondences between initial consonants and vowels are irregular (due to the root's expressive nature).

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *čHwV̄r(V)ṭV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: a k. of bird (swallow, starling)

Proto-Nakh: *č̣ʡorṭ (~ -ō-)

Proto-Lak: čiṭu

Proto-Dargwa: *č(ʷ)aṭa

Proto-Lezghian: *š(ʷ)Vrṭ / *č̣VIrṭ

Proto-West Caucasian: *č:ʷarǝdʷV

Notes: Except Lak. čiṭu (which may be a loan from Darg.), all other forms seem to be genuine and the root is worth reconstructing for PNC - although, of course, one must take into account numerous irregularities typical for names of birds and small animals.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *č̣ʡorṭ (~ -ʕ-,-ō-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: lark

Ingush: č̣q̇ord

Comments: Attested only in Ing., but having probable external parallels.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: čiṭu

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: swallow

Lak form: čiṭu

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *č(ʷ)aṭa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: swallow

Akusha: čaṭa

Comments: Cf. also Ur. čuṭa, Gapsh. ʕar-čiṭu, Kharb. čaṭa id. The Chir. form žat:a is quite aberrant phonetically (probably for expressive reasons).

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *č:ʷarǝdʷV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: starling

Abkhaz: á-ž̌ardʷǝna

Adyghe: pč́andaχʷ

Kabardian: bžandaχʷ

Comments: Cf. also Abkh. Bzyb. a-ź̌ardʷǝ́na (PAT *zʷardʷǝna). PAK *p:č́:andá-χʷǝ (the component -χʷǝ is not quite clear). The original resonant within the root is -r-, as seen from the PAT form and from external evidence; -n- in PAK may be due to assimilation (e.g. *p:č́:ardǝna- > *p:č́:anda-). In general the Abkh. and PAK forms are in very good correlation, thus their different etymologies in Shagirov 1987, 86 are hardly justified (the etymologies are: "growing up together with goats" for PAK *p:č́:andáχʷǝ and "cow's thrush" for Abkh. á-ž̌ardʷǝna; both seem folk-etymological, although in the latter case Abkh. árdʷǝna 'thrush' could have influenced the form á-ž̌ardʷǝna).

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *čHwV̄rṭV́

Meaning: a k. of bird

North Caucasian: *čHwV̄r(V)ṭV

Yenisseian: *ǯida

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *ǯida

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: woodcock (глухарь)

Ket: dīt, pl. dɛkŋ⁵; dɛttej⁵ "woodcock wooing"

Yug: dit́, pl. dɛkŋ⁵

Kottish: fēn-ćera, phēn-ćera, g. -ćerā//-ćerai, pl. -ćatn, ćetn

Comments: ССЕ 310. Yug dit́ < *d́it with a metathesis of palatalisation; otherwise the correspondences are regulare (the Kott. form means literally "female woodcock"). Werner (2, 193) doubts this explanation and the attribution of the Kottish form and reconstructs <*dit'>.

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