Lezghian etymology : List with all references

Proto-Lezghian: *c̣at:(a), *c̣at:a-l

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 drop 2 dew 3 liquid

Lezghian: sṭal 1

Tabasaran: c̣adal 1

Agul: c̣ar 2 (Tsirkh.)

Kryz: c̣adi 3

Comment: Lezg. sṭal is a reduced form from *c̣(a)t:al. Cf. also Tab. Düb. c̣awul 'drizzle, drizzling rain', Ag. Bursh. c̣aral 'dew'.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *c̣_ădV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: rain, drizzling rain

Proto-Nakh: *derc̣

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *c̣:a[d]i

Proto-Lezghian: *c̣at:(a), *c̣at:a-l

Proto-Khinalug: c̣u

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. The PN form *derc̣ is a metathesis < *c̣erd (cf. also some modern forms reflecting *c̣erc̣ with assimilation), probably going back to the oblique base *c̣_ădV-rV- (other languages reflect also *c̣_ădV-rV-, cf. e.g. Akhv. c̣:ari, as well as *c̣_ădV-lV-, cf. PL *c̣at:al). The metathesis could also be favoured by analogy with *darc 'snowstorm' (see *ʒwVnćV).

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *derc̣

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 drizzling rain 2 bad weather

Chechen: derz 1

Ingush: darz 1

Batsbi: dārc̣ol 2

Comments: Obl. base *darc̣e- (Chech. derza-, Ing. darzo). Differences in vocalism between Chech. and Ing. are explained by vowel levelling of direct/oblique bases. Length of the vowel in Bacbi (Kadagidze gives variants: dārc̣ol, dārc̣ola, dārc̣ina) is unclear (Bacbi does not normally distinguish between short and long vowels, and, anyway, in this case Chechen obviously points to a short vowel in PN). Cf. also dialectal forms with assimilation: Khild. ʒarʒ, Shar. ʒjerʒ, Akk. cjerc. Imnaishvili has a notation for Ing.: djerc: - which points to PN *c̣. The word belongs to the 3d class both in Chech. and in Ing.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *c̣:a[d]i

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: rain

Avar: c̣:ad

Chadakolob: c̣ad

Andian language: c̣:a

Akhvakh: c̣:ari

Chamalal: ṣā

Tindi: c:ā

Karata: c̣:aj

Botlikh: c̣:aj

Godoberi: c:aji

Comments: Av. has an irregular accent paradigm (gen. c̣:áda-l, pl. c̣:adá-l). Cf. also Akhv. Tseg., Tlan., Ratl. c̣:a, Cham. Gig. c̣:aj. The Av. and Akhv. forms contain historical suffixes (probably reflecting old obl. stems *c̣:adV-lV- and *c̣:adV-rV- - cf. the external evidence). Loss of medial *-d- in Andian languages is quite strange, but there seems to be no reason to suppose that *-d- is a suffix in all languages outside the Andian family (cf. a similar case in PA *la[d]i < PEC *ladV 'a k. of berry' q.v.).

Khinalug etymology :

Khinalug root: c̣u

North Caucasian etymology: 522

Meaning: drop

Khinalug form: c̣u

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *c̣_ădV ( ~ *sṭ_-)

Meaning: rain; snow

North Caucasian: *c̣_ădV

Sino-Tibetan: *sŏt

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *suăt

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: snow

Chinese: 雪 *sot snow.

Tibetan: sad frost, cold air, cold.

Chinese characters :

Character: 雪

Modern (Beijing) reading: xuě

Preclassic Old Chinese: sot (~ slh-, ~ snh-)

Classic Old Chinese: swat

Western Han Chinese: swat

Eastern Han Chinese: sjwat

Early Postclassic Chinese: sjwet

Middle Postclassic Chinese: sjwet

Late Postclassic Chinese: sjwet

Middle Chinese: sjwet

English meaning : snow

Comments: A later meaning (since LZ) is 'wash, bathe'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Karlgren code: 0297 a-b

Vietnamese reading: tuyết

Jianchuan Bai: sui6

Dali Bai: sue6

Bijiang Bai: sue6

Shijing occurrences: 41.1, 41.2

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Chinese Dialects :

Number: 1325

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 雪

MC description : 山合三入薛心

ZIHUI: 7185 0395

Beijing: śye 2

Jinan: śye 11

Xi'an: śye 11

Taiyuan: śyǝʔ 41

Hankou: śie 12

Chengdu: śye 12

Yangzhou: śyǝʔ 4

Suzhou: siôʔ 41

Wenzhou: śy 41

Changsha: sie 4

Shuangfeng: śyɛ 12

Nanchang: śyɔt 41

Meixian: siɛt 41

Guangzhou: šyt 43

Xiamen: suat 41 (lit.); seʔ 41

Chaozhou: soʔ 41

Fuzhou: suɔʔ 41

Shanghai: sîʔ 4

Zhongyuan yinyun: sye 42

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