Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *ʔažʷǝ (~ħ-,-ž:ʷ-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 tree 2 bush

Tsezi: ažo 1

Ginukh: aže 1

Khvarshi: aža 1 (Radzhibov)

Inkhokvari: ažan 2

Comments: PTsKh *ʔažʷǝ (for -žʷ- cf. Tsez. Sant. ažʷi). Inkh. ažan < *ʔažʷǝ-R with a common suffixed *-R.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *Hă(r)ǯwī (~ -ē)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: a k. of tree

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ʔažʷV-lV (~ -o-)

Proto-Tsezian: *ʔažʷǝ (~ħ-,-ž:ʷ-)

Proto-West Caucasian: *č:́ʷǝ

Notes: Originally it was probably a name of some coniferous tree, cf. also Hurr. ažu(-ɣǝ) 'fir-tree' ( > Akkad. ašūχu, see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 41); the meaning 'birch-tree' in some And. languagesis secondary. The medial resonant is not reflected directly, but it must be postulated to explain spirantisation in PTs.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ʔažʷV-lV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 bush, shrub 2 pine-tree 3 birch-tree

Andian language: žala (< *ažala) 1

Akhvakh: aža 1

Tindi: žʷala 3

Karata: ežela 2

Comments: Cf. also Kar. Tok. ʕižilu-l ruxa 'pine-tree', Akhv. Ratl. ažali 'bush. shrub'.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *č:́ʷǝ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: tree

Adyghe: čǝ-ɣǝ

Kabardian: žǝ-ɣ

Comments: PAK *č:ǝ́-ɣǝ 'tree'. Shagirov (1, 196) is certainly right in treating the component -ɣǝ as 'seed' (see *Ł́A) and establishing the original meaning of the compound as "acorn". Cf. also PAK *č:ǝ-ɣa-jǝ "oak-tree" (Ad. čǝɣāj, Kab. žǝɣej). However, the root *č:ǝ can not be related to Abkh. a-ǯ́ 'oak-tree' for phonetic reasons; the latter is rather connected with PAK *pč:́V 'plane-tree' q.v.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *HVǯwV

Meaning: tree, trunk

North Caucasian: *Hă(r)ǯwī (~ -ē)

Yenisseian: *ǯiʔ

Basque: *haice

Comments and references : DCE..., BCD 19.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *ǯiʔ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: tree trunk

Ket: diʔ, pl. daʔn

Yug: d́iʔ, pl. d́aʔn

Kottish: či, pl. čan "Baumstamm"

Comments: ССЕ 310. Werner 1, 192 *d'iʔ.

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *haice

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 tree 2 suffix on tree names 3 wild tree

Bizkaian: (Markina, Txorierri) zu-gatz 3

Gipuzkoan: (Bidania, Usurbil) zu-gaitz 3, (Andoain) zu-aitz 1

Low Navarrese: zu-haitz 1, -tze 2

Lapurdian: zu-haitz 1

Zuberoan: zü-haitz, zü-haintze 1, -tze 2

Roncalese: atze 1

Comments: ZBR -haintze probably blended with *-hamu (q.v.). Cf. the similar, but originally distinct, *haraic 'oak'. A reduced form *(h)es- appears in some words: see Bsq *es-pel 'box (tree)', *(h)es-kur̄ 'acorn'.

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