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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *bV
Meaning: a demonstrative stem
Ginukh: hi-ba-go
Gunzib: bǝ-d
Comments: Used (in conjunction with other deictic particles) for far deixis in Ginukh, but for near deixis in Gunzib.
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-gin,cezet-gnz,cezet-comment,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *bV
Meaning: emphatic deictic particle
Proto-West Caucasian: *bǝ Notes: A Tsez-WC isogloss; not very reliable because of rarity of reflexes. It is not excluded that this is the same morpheme as the class marker *b- (q.v.).
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-cez,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,
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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :
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Proto-West-Caucasian: *bǝ
Meaning: a demonstrative stem
Abkhaz: a-b-
Abaza: a-b-
Kabardian: (ā)-bǝ
Comments: PAT *(a)bǝ- - an approximating deictic particle (Abkh. ab-ni "that (nearer than ani)", Abaz. abani id. etc.). In AK the particle has survived only in Kab. within the pronoun ā-bǝ 'that'.
abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-abk,abadet-aba,abadet-kab,abadet-comment,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *bV
Meaning: deictic stem
sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-basq,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *PăjH
Meaning: that, beyond
Tibetan: pha beyond, onward, farther on; the other side.
Burmese: paʔ beyond, tǝpah other, ǝpah close to, by the side of.
Comments: Bodo bí that one, bǝ́y that one (away). See Luce 4; Coblin 147. Cf. also OCh. 夫 *ba this; Angami Naga *pV 'one'.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-burm,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 彼
Modern (Beijing) reading: bǐ
Preclassic Old Chinese: pajʔ
Classic Old Chinese: páj
Western Han Chinese: páj
Eastern Han Chinese: páj
Early Postclassic Chinese: páj
Middle Postclassic Chinese: páj
Late Postclassic Chinese: páj
Middle Chinese: pé
English meaning : that, there
Russian meaning[s]: 1) тот; другой, иной; он; другая сторона; противник; партнер; 2) древн. не являться, не быть, вм. 非
Shuowen gloss: 往有所加也.從ぉ皮聲. [76]
Radical: 60
Four-angle index: 6087
Karlgren code: 0025 g
Shijing occurrences: 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 10.1, 10.2, 14.2, 14.3, 15.1, 21.1, 21.2, 24.1, 24.2, 25.1, 25.2, 26.1, 26.2, 32.1, 32.2, 33.3, 38.4, 39.1, 45.1, 45.2, 47.3, 50.2, 50.3, 53.1, 53.2, 53.3, 54.3, 55.1, 55.2, 55.3, 58.2
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-shuowen,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-shijing,
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 553
Character: 彼
MC description : 止開三上紙幫
ZIHUI: 1764 0531
Beijing: pi 2
Jinan: pei 11
Xi'an: pi 2
Taiyuan: pi 1
Hankou: pi 2
Chengdu: pi 2
Yangzhou: pi 2
Suzhou: pe_ 11
Wenzhou: pei 21
Changsha: pi 2
Shuangfeng: pi 2
Nanchang: pi 2
Meixian: pi 2
Guangzhou: pei 21
Xiamen: pi 2
Chaozhou: pi 21
Fuzhou: pi 2
Shanghai: pi 3
Zhongyuan yinyun: pei 2
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Basque etymology :
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Proto-Basque: *ber-
Meaning: self, same
Bizkaian: ber, bera
Gipuzkoan: ber, bera
High Navarrese: ber, bera
Low Navarrese: ber, bera
Lapurdian: ber, bera
Zuberoan: ber, bera
Roncalese: ber, bera
Comments: "ber- 'self, same' ... serves as the base of several derivatives ... western dialects have recently generalized this form into an ordinary third-person prounoun 'he', 'she'" (Trask 1995).
basqet-prnum,basqet-meaning,basqet-bzk,basqet-gip,basqet-anv,basqet-bnv,basqet-lab,basqet-zbr,basqet-rnc,basqet-comments,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : TVRKV
Meaning : walk, run, road (several roots? assimilations?)
Afroasiatic : Sem. *dVrVk- / *dVrVg- / *dVrVḳ- / *ṭVrVḳ- 'tread, path'; Berb. *ḍrg 'flee' ( + some Chad.?)
Reference : ND 568, 572, 2444. globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-reference,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *ṭVŕgV
Meaning: to run, road
Kartvelian: Georg. tker- / tkir- 'trample, tread'
References: PA may also have had a root *terk`V (Turk. *Terk, Mong. derkire-). On the whole, may be more than one root and a lot of confusion: ND 568 *däR[h]VkV ( ~ *däR[h]Vga) 'to walk, run, road' (IE *dhregh- / *dherǝgh- : PA *terk`V (s.a.)); 572 *d[o]ŕ[V]kV 'tread, trample' (Kartv.-Drav.); 2444 *ṭEŕgE 'to run, road' (IE var. *tregh- : PA *t`ī́ŕge). nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-kart,nostret-drav,nostret-reference,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *dhregh-
Meaning: to run
Armenian: durgn, gen. drgan `Töpferrad'
Old Greek: trékhō, Pind. trákhō, aor. thréksai̯, iter. hom. thréksaskon `laufen, eilen', trokhó-s m. `Rad; Folterrad, Reif. (Topfer)scheibe, runder Kuchen usw.', trókho-s m. `(Kreis)lauf', trokhó- `luufend, eilend; kreisrund'; trókhi-s m. `Läufer, Bote'; iter. trōkháō
Celtic: *drogo-n > OIrl droch 'Rad'
Russ. meaning: бежать
piet-meaning,piet-arm,piet-greek,piet-celt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Pokorny's dictionary :
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Number: 424
Root: dhregh-1
English meaning: to run
German meaning: `laufen'
Material: Arm. durgn, Gen. drgan `Töpferscheibe' (nach Meillet BSL. 36, 122 aus *dhr̥gh-); gr. τρέχω (dor. τράχω), Fut. ἀποθρέξομαι, θρέξω `laufen', τροχός (: air. droch) `Rad', τρόχος `Lauf', τρόχις `Läufer, Bote', τροχίλος `Strandläufer'; kaum τράχηλος `Nacken, Hals'?? PedersenIF. 5, 56, Zup. KZ. 36, 57;
air. droch `Rad' (*drogo-n);
auf Palatal wiese hingegen lett. drāžu, drāzu, drāzt `schnell laufen', lit. padróžti ds., die aber mindestens ebensogut als eine Variante auf Palatal neben dherāgh- `ziehen' gelten könnten. Doch sind sowohl lit. (pa)dróžti als auch lett. drāzt `schnell laufen' identisch mit lit. dróžti, lett. drāzt `schnitzen' (s. dhreĝ-). Die Grundbedeutung ist `schnitzen'. Alle zahlreichen anderen Bedeutungen sind durch burschikose Verwendung zu erklären.
References: WP. I 874 f.
Pages: 273
pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *t`ī́ŕge
Meaning: to run, flee
Russian meaning: бежать, убегать
Comments: KW 393, Poppe 14, 104, АПиПЯЯ 295. A Western isogloss. Cf. also Turk. *Terk 'quick, hurry' (VEWT 475), WMong. terkei, Kalm. terkɛ̄ (KW 393). {ND 568 mentions also WMo derkire- 'run, race'.} altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *tēŕ-
Meaning: 1 to run away, flee 2 swift; scary, shy
Russian meaning: 1 убегать 2 быстрый; пугливый, робкий
Old Turkic: tez- 1 (Orkh., OUygh.)
Turkish: tez 2
Middle Turkic: (MKypch.) dez- 1 (AH) Uighur: täz- 1
Azerbaidzhan: täz- 1, täz 2
Turkmen: tez- 1, tīz 2
Khakassian: tis- 1
Halaj: täz- 1
Chuvash: tar- 1
Yakut: tehī 2
Dolgan: tehī 2
Tuva: des- 1
Tofalar: des- 1
Comments: VEWT 477, EDT 572, Stachowski 220. Turk. > Pers. tīz (not vice versa, as sometimes suggested). turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-chg,turcet-uig,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-khal,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,turcet-dolg,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *tergil-
Meaning: to run away, flee
Russian meaning: убегать
Written Mongolian: tergil-, tergid- (KW 393) Khalkha: teregle- (БАМРС) Buriat: teŕjel-, tergel-, tergede-
Kalmuck: tergl-
Dagur: tergul-
Mogol: ZM tirä 'defile' (18-5a) monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-dag,monget-mogh,monget-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *tirgī-
Meaning: 1 to walk 2 (to ride) quickly 3 easily gliding
Russian meaning: 1 идти пешком 2 скоро, рысцой (ехать) 3 легко скользя по поверхности
Evenki: tirgī- 1
Literary Manchu: čir (seme) 2
Nanai: čirgiliečigde (Он.) Comments: ТМС 2, 187, 400. tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-man,tunget-nan,tunget-reference,
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Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-Dravidian : *toẓ-
Meaning : to tread on, kick
dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-sdr,dravet-tel,
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South Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-South Dravidian : *toẓ-
Meaning : to kick, tread on
Malayalam : toẓikka
Malayalam meaning : to beat the breast from grief, kick, whip with twigs, cudgel
Malayalam derivates : toẓiyuka to droop, (leaves, fruits) to fall, patter
Kannada : tuẓi
Kannada meaning : to tread, tread on, trample, tread down, crush to pieces with the feet, tread out, annoy, harass, pain, be trodden down, become poor, be trodden under foot, be abject or cast out; n. treading, trampling, that which has been trodden
Kannada derivates : tuẓisu to cause to tread; tuẓiha treading, etc.; tuẓikal that is faded or withered; toẓtuẓi, tottaẓa state of being perfectly trodden down, poor, miserable, dejected or faded; (Hav.) toḷi to kick
Tulu : torpuni
Tulu meaning : to kick, tread
Tulu derivates : torpu a kick; (?) doŋkuni to tread, trample; (B-K) toripu, toḷipu, corpu to kick
Miscellaneous : KOR (M) toḷi, (T) tori to kick
Number in DED : 3522
sdret-meaning,sdret-prnum,sdret-mal,sdret-malmean,sdret-malder,sdret-kan,sdret-kanmean,sdret-kander,sdret-tul,sdret-tulmean,sdret-tulder,sdret-kt,sdret-misc,sdret-dednum,
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Nilgiri etymology :
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Proto-Nilgiri : *toḷ-
Meaning : to disparage a man's good qualities
Kota : toḷ- (toḷy-)
Number in DED : 3522
ktet-meaning,ktet-prnum,ktet-kota,ktet-dednum,
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Telugu etymology :
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Proto-Telugu : *tro-kk-
Meaning : to tread, trample, tread or trample upon, press or crush under the foot; tread, place the foot
Telugu : trokku
Additional forms : Also trokkuḍu treading, trampling, stamp of the foot
Number in DED : 3522
telet-meaning,telet-prnum,telet-tel_1,telet-addition,telet-dednum,
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