North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *panG_VlhV (~ -lɦ-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: burdock; leaf, bark

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *mVq̇:Vr-

Proto-Lezghian: *parq̇:ul:

Notes: A Lezg.-Av. isogloss. Lak. maq̇ara 'shell, bark' is obviously an Av. loanword (otherwise -l- would be expected).

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *mVq̇:Vr-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: bark

Avar: maq̇:ár

Chadakolob: maq̇ár

Comments: Av. paradigm C (maq̇:rí-l, máq̇:ra-l; but Chad. /secondary/ B: moq̇ró-l, maq̇ára-l). Av. > Arch. maq̇:ar.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *parq̇:ul:

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 bark 2 burdock 3 plantain

Lezghian: p:arq̇ul 2

Rutul: paq:Iul 2

Kryz: bärqul 3

Archi: paq̇:ut 1

Comment: The root reveals an initial fluctuation of *p (Rut., Arch.) and *p: (Lezg., Kryz.), probably due to assimilation. Pharyngealization in Rut. is secondary, due to contamination with PL *palq̇Iʷ 'burdock' (which is a quite different root q.v.). 3d class in Arch., but 4th class in Kryz.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *pánGV ( ~ -xG-)

Meaning: a k. of weed; shell, leaf

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *panG_VlhV (~ -lɦ-)

Sino-Tibetan: *Pōŋ

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *Pōŋ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: a k. of plant

Chinese: 蓬 *bhōŋ name of a plant (a k. of tumble weed).

Tibetan: boŋ 'name of various spicy roots' ?

Burmese: pauŋh weed.

Lepcha: tă-bóŋ a spec. of water-plant

Chinese characters :

Character: 蓬

Modern (Beijing) reading: péng

Preclassic Old Chinese: bhōŋ

Classic Old Chinese: bhōŋ

Western Han Chinese: bhōŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: bhōŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: bhōŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: bhōŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: bhwōŋ

Middle Chinese: buŋ

English meaning : a k. of tumble weed

Russian meaning[s]: бот. полынь индийская (Artemisia indica); перен. а) растрепанный, всклокоченный; путаница; б) бедный (о жилище)

Comments: For *bh- cf. Xiamen phaŋ², Chaozhou phoŋ², Fuzhou phuŋ². Also used for a homonymous *bhōŋ 'be luxuriant' (perhaps related to 豐 *phuŋ id.)

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 140

Four-angle index: 6510

Karlgren code: 1197 y

Shijing occurrences: 25.2_

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 2057

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 蓬

MC description : 通合一平東並

ZIHUI: 5570 2413

Beijing: phǝŋ 12

Jinan: phǝŋ 12

Xi'an: phǝŋ 12

Taiyuan: phǝŋ 1

Hankou: phoŋ 12

Chengdu: phoŋ 12

Yangzhou: phɔuŋ 12

Suzhou: boŋ 12

Wenzhou: boŋ 12

Changsha: poŋ 12

Shuangfeng: baŋ 12; bǝn 12

Nanchang: phuŋ 12

Meixian: phuŋ 12

Guangzhou: phuŋ 12

Xiamen: phɔŋ 12 (lit.); phaŋ 12

Chaozhou: phoŋ 12

Fuzhou: phuŋ 12

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : PVNKV

Meaning : leaf, flower

Eurasiatic : Alt. *pòŋa ( ~ *p`-) 'bud'

Sino-Caucasian : *pan(x)G_V

Austric : *bVŋa (cf. also *ʔbVŋ 'sprouts')

Amerind (misc.) : *pane 'leaf' (R 424)

African (misc.) : Cf. Bantu *-báŋg- 'to open up'.

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *bVŋa

Meaning: flower

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: pVŋ

Austroasiatic meaning: flower

Miao-Yao parallels: MY *bja:ŋ.A

Proto-Austronesian: *buŋa

Austronesian meaning: flower

Proto-Thai: ?bum.B blossom

References: Peiros 1998, 157.

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: pVŋ

Meaning: flower

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Thai: bum.B blossom

Proto-Katuic: *pɔ:ŋ

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *pɔ:ŋ

Meaning: CLF: cluster (of bananas

Presyllable: ʔǝ- / sǝm-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-West Katuic: *pɔ:ŋ

Proto-East Katuic: *bɔ:ŋ / *pǝ:ŋ

References: P-641; TK10.17b

West Katuic etymology :

Proto-West Katuic: *pɔ:ŋ

Meaning: CLF: hand, cluster (of bananas

Presyllable: hǝN-

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Bru Van Keu: mpɔ:ŋ

Bru Van Keu meaning: the flower cluster

So: mpâ:ŋ.N

So meaning: becoming fruit

Bru: mpâ:ŋ.N

Bru meaning: the flower cluster of banana

East Katuic etymology :

Proto-East Katuic: *bɔ:ŋ / *pǝ:ŋ

Meaning: CLF: cluster (of bananas)

Presyllable: ʔǝN-/#

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Pakoh: ʔǝpɔ:ŋ

Pakoh meaning: ear of corn, tassel of banana

Lao Katu: puaŋ V?

Lao Katu meaning: cluster of fruit

Ngeq: mpɔ:ŋ halɔ:k

Ngeq meaning: banana blossom

Kantu dialects: pa:ŋ

Triw: pʌ:ŋ

Dakkan dialects (1): pʌ:ŋ

Katu dialects (1): bâ:ŋ

Katu meaning: fruit bearing flower

Viet-Muong etymology :

Proto-Viet-Muong: *po:ŋ

Meaning: flower

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Vietnamese: bông

Vietnamese meaning: flower

Muong dialect: boŋ.1

Nguon dialect (1): po:ŋ.1

Nguon dialect (2): bo:ŋ.1

Proto-Ruc: *po:ŋ.1

Ruc (Lo'i's rec.): po:ŋ.1 pǝar.1

Ruc meaning: flower

Thavung-So: po:ŋ.1

Thavung-So meaning: flower

Thavung: po:ŋ.1

Notes: F-97: *po:ŋ

References: NVL136

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