North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *x_ä̆nɦɨ̆

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: water

Proto-Nakh: *χi

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ʎ:inʔi

Proto-Tsezian: *ʎ:ɨ̃ B

Proto-Lak: š:in

Proto-Dargwa: *xin

Proto-Lezghian: *ʎ:än:

Proto-Khinalug: xu

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. One of the most widely preserved and stable roots (having, however, left no trace in PWC). See Trubetzkoy 1922, 239.

    Cf. also Hurr. šijǝ 'water, river' (if we suppose a palatalisation *x- > š- before front vowels in HU), see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 49.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *χi

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: water

Chechen: χi

Ingush: χij

Batsbi: χi

Comments: Cf. Chech. dat. χi-na. 3d class in all languages.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ʎ:inʔi

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: water

Avar: ʎ:im

Chadakolob: ʎim

Andian language: ʎ:en

Akhvakh: ʎ:eni

Chamalal: ʎ:ī̃

Tindi: ʎ:ẽ

Karata: ʎ:ẽji

Botlikh: ʎ:eni

Bagvalal: ʎ:ẽ

Godoberi: ʎ:eni

Comments: Av. paradigm C ( ʎ:a-dá-l/ʎ:e-l, ʎ:ína-l). Cf. also Akhv. Tseg. ʎ:in, Bagv. Tlis. ʎ:ẽji, Kar. Tok. ʎ:in.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *ʎ:ɨ̃ B

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: water

Tsezi: ʎi

Ginukh: ʎe

Khvarshi: ʎã

Inkhokvari: ʎõ

Bezhta: ʎi

Gunzib: ʎɨ̃

Comments: PTsKh *ʎǝ̃, PGB *ʎɨ̃. Cf. also PGB *ʎɨ̃-ki-ju 'liquid' (Bezht. Tlad. ʎikkö, Khosh. ʎikijo, Gunz. ʎɨ̃kku).

Lak etymology :

Lak root: š:in

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: water

Lak form: š:in

Comments: 4th class. Obl. base š:ina-.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *xin

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: water

Akusha: šin

Chiragh: šin

Comments: Cf. also Ur., Kub. šin, Sirg. hin (the latter pointing to PD *x-).

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʎ:än:

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: water

Lezghian: jad

Tabasaran: šid

Agul: xed

Rutul: xäd

Tsakhur: x́an

Kryz: xäd

Budukh: xǝd

Archi: ʎ:an

Udi: χe

Comment: Obl. base *ʎ:in:ɨ-, cf. Lezg. c:i, Khl. jic:i, Tab. št:u- (Düb. šit:i-) , Ag. xit:a- (Fit. xit:i-, Bursh. š:iri-), Rut. xiji-, Tsakh. xine-, Kryz. xidi-. 4th class in all class distinguishing languages.

    Cf. Лексика 1971, 181; Гигинейшвили 1977, 128; Талибов 1980, 278-9.

Khinalug etymology :

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *xä̆́nɦɨ̆ (-ŭ)

Meaning: water

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *x_ä̆nɦɨ̆

Sino-Tibetan: *χĭw(s)

Yenisseian: *ʔä(ʔ)ń (~x-)

Burushaski: *hán-chil

Basque: *u-hain

Comments and references : WFR 65, BCD 35; somewhat differently in HGC 23. Cf. also Ket. ʌnĺ⁵, pl. -eŋ `bay'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *χĭw(s)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: water, moisture

Tibetan: hus moisture, humidity; khu-ba fluid, liquid.

Kachin: khoʔ² to spill.

Lushai: huʔ wet.

Kiranti: *kù

Comments: Chepang hus dew. Sh. 41; Ben. 2, 17. STEDT 380 *ku 'water, body fluid'.

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *kù

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: water

Sunwar: bāk-ku (cf. also śēk-ku soup, broth etc.)

Tulung: ku water, spring, sap, juice, white (of egg)

Kaling: ku

Limbu: kwā (<*ku-wā) juice

Dumi: kɨ

Kulung: kawa (cf. also khuwɔlu 'ocean')

Comments: Toba 98 *ku.

Limbu dictionary :

Entry: kugwa

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: juice; gravy.

Dumi dictionary :

Entry: kɨ

Kiränti etymology: Kiränti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: 1) water 2) source, tap, kuwa

Nepali: dhārā, kuvā

Comments: Cf. meaning 'water, source' in the proper names of local water sources, e.g. Ba:sirkɨ or Ba:sirku (proper name of the main dhārā of the hamlet of Ciurīkharka ), Sasarkakɨ or Sasarkaku (proper name of the main dhārā of Sasarkā village); cf. ku, subɨkɨ.

Kulung dictionary :

Entry: kawa

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: water

Nepali: pānī.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔäń (~x-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: wave

Ket: āńbɔk¹, pl. āńbɔkŋ¹ (Imb.)

Kottish: en, *ēn, pl. ēnaŋ

Comments: ССЕ 186. Werner 1, 267 (without reconstruction).

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *hán-chil

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: 1 water from a wound 2 watery (tea, soup)

Hunza: áncil

Nagar: hánchil

Comments: A compound with *chil `water'.

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *u-hain

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 wave (in water), flow, current 2 to have edema, dropsy 3 edema, dropsy

Lapurdian: uhin 1, uhan-tu 2, uhan-tura 3

Zuberoan: ühaiñ, ühañ 1

Comments: The usual interpretation of this word as *hur 'water' + *gain 'top' is both semantically and phonetically improbable, especially in view of the words that mean 'edema, dropsy'.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVNV

Meaning : water

Sino-Caucasian : *xä̆́nɦɨ̆

Amerind (misc.) : *na (*Vna) 'water' (R 828) [+ A K]

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