Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *cʷa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 skin 2 bark 3 exterior, colour

Abkhaz: a-č̌á 1,2

Abaza: čʷa 1,2

Adyghe: ša 1,3

Kabardian: fa 1,3

Ubykh: cʷa 1

Comments: PAT *cʷa, PAK *sʷa. In AK and Ub. the root is also used for 'bark', but in compounds (Ad. pχā-ša, Kab. pχā-fa /pχa 'tree'/, Ub. cʷa-žʷá /second component not quite clear/).

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ʔwǟrćwǝ̆

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: skin; colour

Proto-Nakh: *ɦārcu

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ʔi(r)či

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔwä(r)čʷ

Proto-West Caucasian: *cʷa

Notes: Cf. also Hurr. ašχi 'skin' (regularly < *arci, see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 47). An interesting common NC root. The original meaning is obviously "skin" > "surface, exterior, color" > (change of color = ) "anger, anxiety". The whole spectre of meanings is present both in EC and in WC languages.

    See Abdokov 1983, 76 (Shakhdagh-WC; all other EC forms cited by the author do not belong here).

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *ɦārcu

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 anxiety, alarm 2 help in danger 3 raid, foray

Chechen: orca 1,2

Ingush: ɔrc 2

Batsbi: ʕarcŏ 3

Comments: 3d class in all languages. Cf. also Cheb. ārcu, Ved. ōrcu etc.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ʔi(r)či

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 anger 2 worry, anxiety

Avar: ačú 1

Chamalal: eši 2

Comments: Cf. also Cham. Gig. iči. Data are not enough to determine whether the Inlaut resonant had been there or not.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔʷä(r)čʷ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: skin (of cattle)

Kryz: ʕič

Budukh: ʕič

Comment: Bud. ʕič is the MSU recording (Meilanova writes ħič which is probably wrong). A Shakhdagh isogloss (but with good external correspondences). The PL paradigm may be reconstructed as *ʔʷä(r)čʷ, *ʔʷi(r)čʷV-. The oblique base with -i- became dominating both in Kryz. and Bud., but the former direct base is preserved in Kryz. as a separate word ʕuč meaning 'colour' (PL *ʔʷä(r)čʷ obviously had meant both 'skin' and 'surface, colour' - as is clear from the external evidence).

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ʔwǟrćwǝ̆́

Meaning: skin

North Caucasian: *ʔwǟrćwǝ̆

Yenisseian: *ʔese (~x-, -ē-)

Basque: *asa-l

Comments and references : BCD 15.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔese (~x-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: (fish) scales

Ket: iśaŋ (КРС), (Кастр.) ieseŋ, (Донн.) jes: iẹ̀s̀, pl. iẹ̀s̀ǝŋ [W.: īśa / īśe, pl. -ŋ]

Yug: ise, pl. isɨŋ [W.]

Kottish: ēči, pl. ēčaŋ

Comments: ССЕ 188. In Ket the root was influenced by īś 'fish', from which it is historically quite separate (cf. in Kottish ēči 'scales' vs. īči 'meat' = Ket. īś, see *ʔise). Werner 1, 396.

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *asa-l

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: ́1 bark 2 skin 3 rind 4 peel (of fruit)

Bizkaian: azal 1, 2

Gipuzkoan: azal 1, 2

High Navarrese: axal 1, 2, (Esteribar, Larraun) azal 1, 2

Low Navarrese: axal 1, 2, (Amikuse) azal 1, 2

Lapurdian: azal, axal 1, 2

Zuberoan: áxal 1, 3, 4, ázal 3

Comments: Axal [ašal] was originally the expressive or diminutive form. For RNC kaxal, etc., see *kasa-l.

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