Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *bǝq̇V-wǝ (~-ǝ̃-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 post, log, pile 2 pilaster, post, pillar

Abkhaz: a-bǝ́q̇ʷ

Adyghe: p:q:aw

Kabardian: pq:ow, bǝq:ow

Comments: PAT *bVq̇ʷǝ (cf. also Bz. a-báq̇ʷ); PAK *bǝq̇:á-wǝ / *p:q:á-wǝ. Despite Klimov (1968, 292) there are no reasons to consider the Abkhaz form an Adygh loan. Kumakhov's etymology (1964,126) - PAK *b(ǝ)q:áwǝ from *p:q:ǝ 'corpus, skeleton' - seems dubious, first of all because of the Kab. form bǝq:ow (there's no parallel form *bǝq:ǝ 'skeleton' in Kab.). Very dubious is the comparison with Ub. bǝq̇Iʷ 'thick' (Shagirov 2, 47).

    Since there is no Ub. cognate, it is impossible to determine whether the first vowel in PWC was nasalized or not. Somewhat unclear is the status of the PAK *-wǝ: it is either a suffix (in this case *bǝq:áwǝ < *bǝq:ʷá-wǝ), or part of the root which has yielded labialisation in Abkh. (*bVq̇ʷǝ < *bVq̇ǝwǝ).

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *bħǝ̄nq̇_V̆

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: pole, post

Proto-Nakh: *b(ɦ)eq̇V (~ -a-)

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *muq̇:V

Proto-Tsezian: *maq

Proto-Lak: maʁi

Proto-Lezghian: *marq:(a)

Proto-West Caucasian: *bǝq̇V-wǝ (~-ǝ̃-)

Notes: Correspondences are quite regular. Other Caucasian languages have borrowed this root: cf. Georg. dial. boq̇wi 'pilaster' (from Abkh.), Balk. bǝq:ǝ 'a small post' (from Kab.), see Shagirov 1977,2,47.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *b(ɦ)eq̇V (~ -a-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: pole

Ingush: beq̇a

Comments: Isolated in Ing., thus the PN reconstruction is tentative. Nakh > Osset. (Dig.) bäqä 'pole', see Abayev 1958, 250.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *muq̇:V

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 pole 2 ceiling

Avar: moq̇: 1

Andian language: moq̇:ol 2

Akhvakh: muq̇:e 1

Chamalal: muq̇: 1

Tindi: muq̇:u 1

Karata: nuq̇:e 1

Godoberi: muq̇:u 1

Comments: Av. paradigm A (móq̇:i-l, móq̇:a-l). Cf. also Akhv. Tseg., Tlan., Cham. Gig. muq̇:u, Kar. Tok. muq̇:i. Besides And. moq̇:ol with the meaning 'ceiling' cf. also Cham. Gig. (Bok.) muq̇:u id., Kar. L.-Enkh. miq̇:ela; usually this meaning is present in the compound *muq̇:V-riƛ̣:V (with different assimilations and transformations), cf. Av. móq̇:ruƛ̣:, And. (Tsertsvadze) moq̇:o-lƛ̣:i, Cham. jeq̇:-muq̇:, Gig. req̇:-muq̇:a, Kar. miq̇:a-laƛ̣:i etc.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *maq

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 short stick,rod 2 stake 3 vertical stick (in fence)

Tsezi: maIq 1

Bezhta: maq 2

Gunzib: maq 3

Comments: PGB *maq. The oblique base was probably *mɨqu- (with a regular *a/*ɨ Ablaut): it is preserved now as a separate stem in Bezht. miqo, Gunz. mɨqu "pole" (also from this source comes Gin. nuqo id. with labialisation shift).

Lak etymology :

Lak root: maʁi

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: roof, ceiling

Lak form: maʁi

Comments: Cf. Khosr. maʁu id.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *marq:(a)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 stick, pole 2 shepherd's staff

Tabasaran: marʁ 1

Agul: marʁ 2 (Bursh.)

Comment: Cf. also Tab. Düb. marq:a; in Ag. (Bursh.) there is a variant marʕ.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *bħǝ̄́nq̇V̆

Meaning: log, pole

North Caucasian: *bħǝ̄nq̇_V̆

Sino-Tibetan: *p(h)ăŋ

Yenisseian: *pǝ̄q- (?)

Burushaski: *-pháɣo

Basque: *mak-

Comments and references : Differently in HGC 29, LV D2. Cf. *bVrḳwV̄́.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *p(h)ăŋ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: tree, plant

Burmese: ǝpaŋ plant, tree.

Lushai: paŋ-pār a flower, a blossom.

Kiranti: *b(h)Vŋ tree

Comments: Bodo paŋ classifier for plants.

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *b(h)Vŋ

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: tree

Limbu: siŋ=bo:ŋ

Dumi: bhu

Yamphu: siŋ=bu

Limbu dictionary :

Entry: siNbo:N

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: tree.

Derivation: [siN wood + -bo:N tree]

Dumi dictionary :

Entry: bhu

Kiränti etymology: Kiränti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: tree

Nepali: rukh.

Yamphu dictionary :

Entry: siŋbu

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: a) tree; b) tree-trunk.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *pǝ̄q-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: thin rods of birdcherry tree for sewing together pieces of birch bark (сарга)

Ket: hʌʁ⁴ (South.), North. hʌ:ʁǝ⁴; pl. hʌqŋ⁵

Yug: fʌ:^hx, pl. fʌqŋ⁵

Comments: ССЕ 248. Werner 1, 341 <*p^hǝʔǝqǝ>.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *-pháɣo

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: stick, walking stick

Hunza: -pháɣo

Nagar: -pháɣuỵ

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *mak-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 thick, heavy club 2 (shepherd's, bishop's) crook, crosier 3 forked pole, fork 4 hook 5 cane, staff

Bizkaian: maket 1

Gipuzkoan: (Berastegi) mako 4

High Navarrese: (Arakil) mako 3, (Lezaka) mako 4

Low Navarrese: mako 2, 5

Lapurdian: mako 2, 3, 4, 5

Baztanese: mako 3, 4

Roncalese: mako 2

Comments: The status of (c) makila, makhila ‘stick, cane’ is disputable: Michelena (1961: 51) and some earlier scholars derive it from Latin bacilla, plural of bacillum ‘rod’, but it seems just as likely to be a native development of the root *mak-, or a blend of Bsq *mako + Lat. bacilla.

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