Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *t:ʷǝq:A / *q:ʷǝt:a

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 neck 2 back of neck

Abkhaz: á-χʷda 1

Abaza: qʷda 1

Adyghe: pśa-tǝq: 2

Kabardian: pśa-dǝq: 2

Ubykh: tʷǝq 1

Comments: PAT *qʷǝda (cf. also Bz. á-χʷda); PAK *t:ǝ́q:ǝ (in the first part of the compound - PAK *pśa 'neck'). The PAT form is metathesized (cf. the external parallels); otherwise the correspondences are fully regular.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *dHāq_wĀ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: back of head, neck

Proto-Lezghian: *t:aqIʷ

Proto-West Caucasian: *t:ʷǝq:A / *q:ʷǝt:a

Notes: A Lezg-WC isogloss. See Abdokov 1983, 75.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *t:aqIʷ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: back of head

Lezghian: t:eχʷ

Rutul: daqI

Comment: Cf. also Lezg. Khl. t:äχIʷ, Rut. Khnov. daqIʷ. Reflexes of *qIʷ are irregular: we should expect -ʁʷ in Lezg. and -χIʷ in Rut. (perhaps the irregularity is due to labialisation?). 4th class in Rut.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *dHā́qwĀ

Meaning: nape; back

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *dHāq_wĀ

Sino-Tibetan: *tūk

Yenisseian: *tuGV ( ~ -ū-)

Basque: *tak-

Comments and references : LV D7.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *tūk

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: neck

Chinese: 脰 *d_ō(k)s neck.

Kachin: duʔ² neck.

Lushai: tuk the knot or bob of hair on the nape of the neck, KC *tuk neck.

Lepcha: tok the head; the top of anything, top ornament etc.; the chief,the great; tŭk-tok the neck

Kiranti: *tV́k

Comments: Mikir tśethok; BG: Dimasa go-do, Garo gi-tok (also *dǝk-ǝm 'head'), Tamang tā-ci, Sichuan *ta. Sh. 48, 409; Ben. 82. A few languages reflect also the nasalized variant *tūŋ: cf. Yamphu en-daŋ, Sulung *tuoŋ, Magar mi-ḍuŋ-ga, Kham dē̃h, LB *taŋx (a mixture with a different root?).

Chinese characters :

Character: 脰

Modern (Beijing) reading: dòu

Preclassic Old Chinese: dhōs

Classic Old Chinese: dhōh

Western Han Chinese: dhwāh

Eastern Han Chinese: dhwāh

Early Postclassic Chinese: dhṑw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: dhǝ̄̀w

Late Postclassic Chinese: dhǝ̄̀w

Middle Chinese: dʌ̀w

English meaning : neck [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: шея

Comments: Probably derived from 頭 *dhō q.v.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 130

Four-angle index: 559

Karlgren code: 0118 d

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *tV́k- (/ʔt-)

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: neck

Tulung: tawa scruff of neck

Kaling: 'tawɔ back of head; 'takcu neck

Limbu: tɔkkrumba

Dumi: toksɨ

Kulung: dɔs 'back', dɔwe 'back of the head'

Yamphu: en-daŋ 'neck' (?)

Comments: Toba 93 *CakCV (Kal. 'takcu compared with Tul. lâkca - not reliable).

Limbu dictionary :

Entry: tɔkkrumba

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: throat, the front of the neck

Comments: cf. sikla, sikkuma, tɔʔlumbe:ʔ.

Dumi dictionary :

Entry: toksɨ

Kiränti etymology: Kiränti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: neck, throat

Nepali: munṭo (neck), gicro (front of the neck).

Kulung dictionary :

Entry: dɔs

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: back

Nepali: piṭhyūṃ.

Yamphu dictionary :

Entry: endaŋ

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: neck.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *tuGV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: back, behind

Ket: tū, pl. tūńeŋ¹ back (place between shoulder-blades)

Yug: tu 'Innenraum der Brust' (Werner 2, 294)

Kottish: tugalin (Бол.) седалище

Comments: ССЕ 289. Werner 2, 294 (doubts the attribution of the Kott. word).

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *tak-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: heel (of shoe)

Bizkaian: takoi

Gipuzkoan: takoi

Lapurdian: takoin

Comments: *tak-hoin is a compound with *hoin 'foot', thus originally 'back of foot'. Span. tacón and Port. tacão have no Latin etymology and likely come from Vasconic.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : TVKV

Meaning : nape; back

Eurasiatic : *dVgV

Afroasiatic : *tikk-/*tiyuk- (?)

Sino-Caucasian : *dHā́qwĀ

Austric : PAA *dʔuak 'back of head', PAN *batuk 'nape, neck'.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *dVgV

Meaning: back

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *dagV 'back', *dắgá 'follow' - must be one root in view of ext. evidence

Uralic: *taka

Dravidian: *ḍog- 'back' (Kol., Gnd., ?Kui - DED 2979)

Eskimo-Aleut: *taʁtu

References: МССНЯ 331, ОСНЯ 215-216; ND 505 *dagurV 'shoulder-blade as part of back', 510 *daka 'back of the body, behind' (+ dubious SH).

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *dagV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: shoulder bone, back

Russian meaning: плечевая кость, спина

Turkic: *jagɨr, *jagrɨn

Mongolian: *dajira / *daɣari

Tungus-Manchu: *daga-

Comments: Владимирцов 318, Колесникова 1972а, 89-91. A Western isogloss. Despite Щербак 1997, 121 Mong. is not < Turk. Turk. *jagɨr represents in fact a merger of two different original roots (see *ńĕka). See also TMN 4, 177-178 (with unconvincing criticism).

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *jagɨr, *jagrɨn

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: back, shoulderblade

Russian meaning: спина, лопатка

Turkish: jaɣrɨ, dial. jaɣɨr, jaɣrɨ

Tatar: jawɨrɨn, jawɨrnɨ, ǯawɨr (dial.)

Middle Turkic: jaɣrɨn (Pav. C., AH, Ettuhf.)

Uzbek: jaɣrin

Turkmen: jaɣɨrnɨ; jaɣɨrɨn, jaɣrɨn (dial.)

Noghai: jawɨrɨn

Bashkir: jawɨrɨn (dial.)

Salar: jaɣrǝ (Kakuk)

Kumyk: jawrun

Comments: VEWT 178, ЭСТЯ 4, 65-67, Дыбо 139-141, Лексика 242.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *dajira / *daɣari

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 withers 2 abrasion, sore on back of animal

Russian meaning: 1 холка 2 ссадина на спине животного

Written Mongolian: dajira 1 (L 222: dajir 2), daɣari 2 (L 218)

Middle Mongolian: da'ari 1 (SH), dari 2 (MA)

Khalkha: dajr 1, 2

Buriat: dāri, dajr 2

Kalmuck: dǟrǝ 1

Ordos: dāri 2

Dongxian: daru-san 2

Dagur: dāre (MD 131), dāri, dāŕ (Тод. Даг. 135), dār 2,

Shary-Yoghur: dārǝ 2

Monguor: dārǝ, dāri (SM 45) 2

Comments: KW 83, MGCD 182. Mong. > Evk. daɣarin etc., see Poppe 1966, 190, Doerfer MT 76.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *daga-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: hip, hip bone, shoulder bone

Russian meaning: бедро, бедренная кость, плечевая кость

Evenki: daɣańa

Negidal: daɣańa

Literary Manchu: dabsi 'shoulder'

Orok: dāna

Comments: ТМС 1, 184, 188. TM > Dag. dagan (Тод. Даг. 134).

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1032

Proto: *taka

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: behind

German meaning: Hinterraum, das Hintere

Finnish: taka- 'Hinter-' (in comp.), takaa 'hinter; von hinten', takaisin 'zurück', takana 'hinter; hinten', taakse

Estonian: taga (gen. taga, taa) 'Hinterraum', taga 'hinten', tagant

Saam (Lapp): duokke -g_- 'that which is behind someone or something', duokken, duokkĕn, duokkai (postp.) 'behind' (N), tuohkē 'Platz, Raum hinter etw.', tuokēn, tuokēs, tuohkāi (postp.) 'hinter, (von) hinter', tū_ikken (Kld.) 'hinter; wegen', tuøkka, tokka (A) 'hinter'

Nenets (Yurak): t́aχāʔ 'dorthin', t́āχana 'dort', t́āχād 'von dort' (O)

Enets (Yen): tehone (Ch.), tahone (B) 'hinten', tahaʔ 'hinter'

Nganasan (Tawgi): taka 'das hinten befindliche, Rückseite', takana 'hinten', takada 'von hinten', tagaŋ 'nach hinten'

Selkup: tak, tag 'das hinten Gelegene', takt, tag, tâ 'nach hinten', takkan, tagan, tân 'hinten, von hinten' (Castr.); taa-, tā, tå, tākti̮, tåkti̮ 'hinten, hinter' (Ta.)

Eskimo etymology :

Proto-Eskimo: *taʁtu

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: kidney

Russian meaning: почки (анатом.)

Proto-Yupik: *taʁtu

Proto-Inupik: *taqtu

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 334

Yupik etymology :

Proto-Yupik: *taʁtu

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: side 1, kidney 2

Russian Meaning: бок 1, почка 2

Sirenik: táχta 1

Naukan: táχtu 2

Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: taχtu(q) 2

Chugach (Birket-Smith): taχto 2

Central Alaskan Yupik: taχtuq 2

Nunivak (Peripheral): taχtu* 2

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 334

Inupik etymology :

Proto-Inupik: *tạqtụ

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: kidney

Russian meaning: почка

SPI Dialects: Imaq táqtok du., W taqtu (ūk, ut)

North Alaskan Inupik: taqtu

NAI Dialects: B, Ingl taqtu*, Qaw taqtu

Western Canadian Inupik: taqtu

WCI Dialects: Cor, M taqtu*

Eastern Canadian Inupik: taqtuq

Greenlandic Inupik: taʁtu (tarto*)

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 334

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tikk-/*tiyuk- (?)

Meaning: occiput, neck

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *tikk- 'occiput , neck' ~ (?) *tinuk- 'ear-lobe'

Western Chadic: *tiyuk- 'neck' 1, 'occiput' 2

Notes: Scarce data.

Semitic etymology :

Number: 79

Proto-Semitic: *tikk- ~ (?) *tinuk-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'occiput , neck' 1 ~ (?) *tinuk- 'ear-lobe'

Akkadian: tikk- 1

Hebrew: (?) tǝnūk 2

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *tiyuk-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'neck' 1, 'occiput' 2

Mupun: took 1 [FrM]

Sura: tɔ̄k 2 [JgS], tok 1 [Kr]

Angas: tȯk 1 [Fl], čok 1 {Kr N 49]

Chip: tɔk 1

Montol: tok 1

Ankwe=Goemai: tiyǝ̀k 1

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *ʔtUk

Meaning: nape, neck

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *dʔuak

Austroasiatic meaning: back of the head

Munda parallels: M. hotoʔ 'neck'

Proto-Austronesian: *batuk

Austronesian meaning: nape, neck

Austronesian code: 2:110

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *dʔuak

Meaning: back of the head

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Proto-Katuic: EK *dʔuak / *dʔok

Proto-Pearic: SMR katuk.A IV?

Proto-Vietic: *dʔɔ:k

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *dʔuak / *dʔok

Meaning: back of head

Presyllable: kǝ- / # / ʔǝ-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-East Katuic: *dʔuak / *dʔok

References: P-1114

Notes: some forms may be borrowed from VN nóc

East Katuic etymology :

Proto-East Katuic: *dʔuak / *dʔok

Meaning: back of head

Presyllable: kǝ- / # / ʔǝ-

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Pakoh: kudok.T

Pakoh meaning: base of skull

Taojh: kudok.T

Taojh meaning: nape of neck (PT-153)

Lao Katu: duaʔ T?

Lao Katu meaning: base of the neck

Katu dialects (1): ʔadʔuok

Katu dialects (3): adʔuok dʔa:k

Katu dialects (4): ʔadʔuok

Katu meaning: back of head

Pearic etymology :

Proto-Pearic:

Meaning: back

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Samre: katuk.A

Viet-Muong etymology :

Proto-Viet-Muong: *ʔdɔ:k, k-

Meaning: nape (of the neck)

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Vietnamese: nóc

Vietnamese meaning: ridge (of roof)

Muong dialect: tok.3

Arem: kadA:k

Proto-Ruc: *dɔ:k.3, k-

Ruc (Russian field rec.): kaʔdɔk.3

Ruc (Lo'i's rec.): kadɔ:k.3

Ruc (Ferlus' rec.): kadɔ:k.5

Ruc meaning: nape (of the neck)

Thavung-So: ŋɔ:ndɔ:k.3 T?

Thavung-So meaning: nape (of the neck)

Notes: F-97: *k-Dɔ:k

References: NTF53, NVL144

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