Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *bǝq:Iʷǝ (~p:-,-ǝ̃-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 bone 2 carcass, skeleton

Abkhaz: á-baʕʷ 1

Abaza: bʕʷǝ 1

Adyghe: p:q:ǝ 2

Kabardian: p:q:ǝ 2

Comments: PAT *bAʕʷǝ, PAK *p:q:ǝ (with dissimilatory delabialisation). Ub. pqǝ (á-pq) 'bone' is considered (see Шагиров 2,48) an Adygh loan (as also Abaz. ṗq̇ǝ 'carcass, skeleton'), which must be true (otherwise we should expect pharyngealised -qI(ʷ)- in Ub.).

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *bŏnq̇_ō

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: back

Proto-Nakh: *buq̇

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *mVq̇:V

Proto-Tsezian: *müqɔ-r(ǝ) A

Proto-Lak: muq̇a-w

Proto-Dargwa: *muq̇

Proto-West Caucasian: *bǝqI:ʷǝ (~p:-,ǝ̃)

Notes: Not quite clear is the source of PWC pharyngealization; in fact, the PWC root may be a contamination of two PNC roots (cf. also PEC *mħĕlq̇wV 'root, stake' q.v.).

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *buq̇

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: back

Chechen: buq̇

Ingush: buq̇

Batsbi: buq̇

Comments: Obl. stem *buq̇a- (cf. Chech. buq̇a-, Ing. buq̇o), plur. *baq̇-bV- (Bacb. baq̇bi, Ing. bowq̇a-š, Chech. baq̇a-š). 6th class in all languages.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *mVq̇:V

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: spine

Avar: moq̇:

Comments: The Av. word is homonymous to moq̇: 'pole' (see *muq̇:V) - which is probably a secondary contamination (in view of the external evidence).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *müqɔ-r(ǝ) A

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: back

Ginukh: moqoli

Bezhta: miqā

Gunzib: mɨqǝr

Comments: PGB *mɨqɔr(ǝ) (cf. also Bezht. Tlad., Khosh. miqaro). In Gunz. the final *-ǝ disappeared, having turned the previous ɔ into ǝ.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: muq̇a-w

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: on the back

Lak form: muq̇a-w

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *muq̇

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: back

Akusha: muq̇ (Kait.)

Comments: Attested only in the Kaitagh dialect, but having reliable external parallels.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ṗŏ́nq̇ō ( ~ -xq̇-)

Meaning: back, side

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *bŏnq̇_ō

Sino-Tibetan: *păŋ

Burushaski: *pa[n] ?

Basque: *moko-r̄

Comments and references : Different in LV B2 (: ST *bhǝ̄k). For ND cf. also PST *phāŋ 'side, take one's side'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *păŋ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: side, back side

Chinese: 方 *paŋ side.

Tibetan: ? bjaŋ North

Burmese: phaŋ buttocks, bottom, behind.

Kachin: phaŋ¹ behind.

Lushai: paŋ the body; the side, the flank; KC *paŋ-.

Kiranti: *póŋ / *póm

Comments: Rawang -phāŋ. Sh. 401.

Chinese characters :

Character: 方

Modern (Beijing) reading: fāng

Preclassic Old Chinese: paŋ

Classic Old Chinese: paŋ

Western Han Chinese: paŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: pwaŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: pwaŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: pwaŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: pwaŋ

Middle Chinese: pwaŋ

Fanqie: 夫央

Rhyme class: 陽

English meaning : square, a regular thing, pattern; side; quarter, place, region, direction; just, just then, then, just now, now

Russian meaning[s]: 1) страна света; сторона; направление; 2) квадрат; квадратный; мат. квадрат, вторая степень числа; 3) правильный, справедливый, беспристрастный, честный; нравственный; 4) местоположение; место; местный; древн. страна, государство; 5) метод, способ; прием; рецепт; 6) магия, колдовство; знахарство; 7) идти рядом; рядом, бок-о-бок; 8) противиться, не подчиняться; нарушать; 9) только тогда, только после этого; только что; только так, вм. 才; только-только, как раз; 10) Фан (фамилия)

Shuowen gloss: 併船也. 象兩舟省總頭形. 凡方之屬皆從方. 方或從水.

Comments: The original meaning (defined in Shuowen and attested in Shijing) is 'a square raft'. A related word is 膀 *pāŋ-s id. q. v.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 70

Four-angle index: 4220

Karlgren code: 0740 a-f

Go-on: hau

Kan-on: hau

Vietnamese reading: phu'o'ng

Shijing occurrences: 9.1_, 9.2_, 9.3_, 12.2_, 29.3_, 29.4, 35.4, 38.1, 38.4, 50.1

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 99

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 方

MC description : 宕合三平陽非

ZIHUI: 2455 2232

Beijing: faŋ 11

Jinan: faŋ 11

Xi'an: faŋ 11

Taiyuan: fa_̃ 1

Hankou: faŋ 11

Chengdu: faŋ 11

Yangzhou: fâŋ 11

Suzhou: fa_ŋ 11

Wenzhou: xuɔ 11

Changsha: fan 11

Shuangfeng: xaŋ 11

Nanchang: фuɔŋ 11

Meixian: fɔŋ 11

Guangzhou: fɔŋ 11

Xiamen: hɔŋ 11 (lit.); hŋ 11

Chaozhou: huaŋ 11

Fuzhou: xuɔŋ 11

Shanghai: fa_̃ 1

Zhongyuan yinyun: faŋ 1

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *póŋ (/*póm)

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: anus

Sunwar: 'pōle buttock

Tulung: pumta

Limbu: kubuŋ foot of a mountain; bottom

Dumi: bha (?)

Kulung: pumlu

Limbu dictionary :

Entry: po:N

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: base

Comments: lɔkthik ke:mba siNbo:N-ille ku-bo:N-ʔo: mɛ-yuN-ɛ (one tall tree-GEN its-base-LOC nsAS-sit-PT) They sat at the base of one tall tree.

Dumi dictionary :

Entry: bha

Kiränti etymology: Kiränti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: anus

Nepali: mujī

Comments: cf. li:, i:gdǝm, ka:diʔ, tsirdǝm, wa:l.

Kulung dictionary :

Entry: pumlu

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: bottom, buttocks

Nepali: cāk.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *pa[n]

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: 1 (by) side 2 place in house on both sides of the hearth

Yasin: -pa- (-pa-ći, -pa-i) 1, pan 2

Hunza: -pa 1

Nagar: -pa 1

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *moko-r̄

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: buttocks, backside

Bizkaian: mokor

Gipuzkoan: mokor

Comments: Cf. PNC *bŏnq̇_ō 'back', with some forms that converge phonetically with Bsq *moko-r̄, e.g. Hinukh moqo-li 'back'.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : PVNV

Meaning : back, side

Eurasiatic : *ṗVŋV

Sino-Caucasian : *ṗŏn(x)q̇_ō

Austric : PAA (NMK) *po:ŋ 'buttocks'; ? PAN *sabaŋ 'shore'

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ṗVŋV

Meaning: shoulder, shoulder-blade

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *p`eŋsa (Tu *eŋse + TM *pisa)

Uralic: *paŋka

Dravidian: *pin- 'back' SDr 1842

Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *panrǝ 'shoulderblade'

References: Дыбо 1989, 1996

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *eŋsV

Meaning: shoulder, back part

Russian meaning: плечо, задняя часть шеи

Turkic: *eŋse

Korean: *ǝ̀skǝ́i

Comments: A Turk.-Kor. isogloss. For the Turk. form cf. alternatively TM *pisa (see Лексика 239).

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *eŋse

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: back of the neck

Russian meaning: задняя часть шеи

Turkish: ense

Middle Turkic: eŋse, äŋsä (Ettuhf.)

Uzbek: ensä

Turkmen: jeŋse

Oyrat: eŋze

Chuvash: ǝnze, jǝnze

Kirghiz: eŋse

Kazakh: eŋse

Noghai: eŋse

Gagauz: jensä

Karaim: eŋse, ense

Karakalpak: eŋse

Kumyk: eŋse

Comments: ЭСТЯ 4, 190-191, Егоров 65, Лексика 237-238.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *ǝ̀skǝ́i

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: shoulder

Russian meaning: плечо

Modern Korean: ǝk:ä

Middle Korean: ǝ̀skǝ́i

Comments: Nam 369, KED 1121.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 715

Proto: *paŋka

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: wing, shoulder bone

German meaning: Achsel; Flügel; Schulterbein

Finnish: pankka (gen. pankan) 'Arm, Achsel, Flügel' ( > Saam. Ko. Not. p^oaG̀k^A 'der dickere Teil des Flügels')

Khanty (Ostyak): paŋkǝl (V), paŋχǝt (DN) 'Schulterblatt', pɔŋkǝл (Kaz.) 'Bug (mit Knochen und Fleisch), Schulterknochen'

Mansi (Vogul): paŋkǝ^.l (TJ), poŋχǝl (KU), poŋ_okǝl (P) 'Schulterbein, Vorderbug'

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *panrǝ

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning (Rus.): лопатка (анатом.)

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *par "

Proto-Itelmen: *paŋz(a)

Chukchee-Koryak etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *par "

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): лопатка (анатомич.)

Chukchee: párǝt=lǝŋǝn (pár-ɣǝpǝ abl., pát-te pl.)

Koryak: paj ", páj=lǝŋǝn*

Palan: par-vǝr- 'похожий на лопатку'

Alutor: par=lǝŋǝn

Comments: В чук. у Инэнликэя (94) par-(ǝtko-) и АБ par- 'гадать, колдовать', parǝ-lʔǝ-n 'колдунья' (АБ), но у Богораза parɣetá- 'гадать по лопатке; вообще гадать', а pár- 'жечь лопатку'.

Itelmen etymology :

Proto-Itelmen: *paŋz(a)

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): лопатка, подмышка

Itelmen: paŋza 1, paŋza-kes 2

Itelmen meaning: пазуха 1, класть за пазуху 2, лопатка 3

West Itelmen: pas-pas (paspad pl.)

West Itelmen meaning: scapula

West Itelmen meaning (Polish): ɫopatka

South Itelmen: 'ipǝt

South Itelmen meaning (Latin): homoplata, scapula

South Itelmen meaning (Polish): ɫopatka

Number in Volodin 1976: 215

Comments: В ител. пеpвоначально значение было "подмышка". Нетривиально образовано мн. число в зап. камч. нетривиальное -d на месте жидаемых pãzǝ-'n или pã'z.

Total pages generated Pages generated by this script 846902 1632516	Help
StarLing database server Powered by CGI scripts Copyright 1998-2003 by S. Starostin Copyright 1998-2003 by G. Bronnikov Copyright 2005-2014 by Phil Krylov