Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *w-ošo, *j-oši

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 son 2 daughter

Avar: w-as 1, j-as 2

Chadakolob: wáša 1,jáša 2

Andian language: wošo 1, joši 2

Akhvakh: waša 1, jaše 2

Chamalal: waha 1, jah 2

Tindi: waha 1, jaha 2

Karata: waša 1, jaše 2

Botlikh: waša 1, ješi 2

Bagvalal: waša 1, jaš 2

Godoberi: waša 1, jaši 2

Comments: The root has changeable class affixes (w- for the 1st class, j- for the second). Variation of final vowels (neutralized in Av., Akhv. and Tind.) can be explained by former class suffixation (parallelling class prefixation: *w-ošV-w > wošo, *j-ošV-j > joši). Masculine and feminine forms are neutralized in Av., Akhv. and Tind. Note that there are also forms reflecting PA *b-ošV 'child of animals' (Akhv. baša, And. boši etc.). In Akhv. there also exists a form r-eša meaning 'heifer' (*'daughter of animal'), parallelling PL *ruš: and especially PGB *riže 'heifer'.

    The word for 'woman' in And. (jošḳʷa) is a contraction of joši+heḳʷa 'girl+person'.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=ɨ̆šwĔ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: son, daughter

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *w-ošo, *j-oši

Proto-Tsezian: *ʔožǝ (~ -ž:-)

Proto-Lak: ars

Proto-Dargwa: *ʔurši (~-š:-)

Proto-Lezghian: *=uš:

Proto-Khinalug: ši, riši

Proto-West Caucasian: *š́ʷa

Notes: See Abdokov 1983, 89. Cf. also Urart. aršǝ 'young people, children' (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 36). One of the widely spread nominal stems with changing class prefixes. The WC evidence suggests that it may have been originally verbal ("to bear"), but in all modern languages it is used only as a noun. Phonetic correspondences are quite regular; the only problem is Lak. -s (-š would be expected normally). The seemingly classless forms (PC *ʔožǝ, Lak. ars, PD *ʔurši, Khin. ši) reflect the PEC form with the weak male class prefix *u_=ɨšwĔ; the only form which can reflect an original prefixless stem is the PL plural *š:i-p:V ( < *šʷi-bV). In Lak., Darg. and Urart. the stem obtained a secondary medial -r- (no trace of it in any other language); it can not be a feminine class affix, because the word means only 'son, boy' in these languages. This -r- probably reflects an oblique stem with the *-rV suffix (*-ɨ̆šwĔ-rV- > *-ɨ̆ršwV).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *ʔožǝ (~ -ž:-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: son, boy

Tsezi: užu / uži

Ginukh: uži

Khvarshi: uža

Inkhokvari: užo

Bezhta: ožo

Gunzib: ože

Comments: PTsKh *ʔužǝ, PGB *ʔožǝ. PTs *ʔož(:)ǝ must go back to an earlier *ʔɨžʷǝ; cf. also PTs *r-ɨž(ʷ)ǝ reflected in PGB *riže 'heifer' (Bezht. Tlad., Khosh. riže, Gunz. riže; = Akhv. r-eša id.).

Lak etymology :

Lak root: ars

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: son

Lak form: ars

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *ʔurši (~-š:-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: boy, son

Akusha: urši

Comments: Cf. also Ur. urši 'son'.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *=uš:

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 daughter 2 newborn daughter 3 newborn son

Lezghian: ruš 1

Tabasaran: riš 1

Agul: ruš 1

Rutul: rɨš 1

Tsakhur: jɨš 1

Kryz: riš 1

Budukh: riž 1

Archi: diš-du-r 2

Comment: Most Lezgian languages reflect only the feminine form *r-uš: (obl. base r-uš:a-, cf. Lezg. ruša-, Ag. ruša-, Rut. rɨšä-); cf. also Tab. Düb. riš:i, Ag. Bursh. ruš:. The only language that has preserved the old opposition between *r-uš: 'daughter' and *u_-uš: 'son' is Archi (cf. Arch. wiš-du 'newborn son'). Some languages have preserved, however, the archaic prefixless plural form *š:i-p:V (cf. Tab. pl. šu-bar, Ag. pl. ši-bar, Kryz. pl. ši-bi). [Not quite clear morphologically is Tab. šiw 'woman', perhaps corresponding to -š:e in Tsakh. xuna-š:e id. It seems to contain a masculine class marker *-u, but has a feminine meaning.]

    See Trubetzkoy 1922, 194; Лексика 1971, 109, 129; Гигинейшвили 1977, 120; Талибов 1960а, 294.

Khinalug etymology :

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *š́ʷa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 son 2 youth, young boy

Adyghe: śā-wa 2

Kabardian: śā-wa 1

Comments: PAK *śa-wá. We can discover the same root (with the original meaning "to bear") in Ad. śā-ʎ(a) 'placenta', χʷǝ-śa-n 'childbirth fits'. PAK *ś regularly goes back to PWC *š́ʷ.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=ɨ̆šwĔ

Meaning: son, child

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *=ɨ̆šwĔ

Sino-Tibetan: *śū

Burushaski: *-́s

Basque: *-VśV

Comments and references : NSC 63 *š(V)wV; MCGD 11, BCD 33.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *śū

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: grandchild

Chinese: 孫 *sūn (? *swǝ̄n) grandson, granddaughter.

Kachin: šu⁴ grandchild, (H) also kǝšu.

Lushai: KC *su grandchild.

Lepcha: zon grandchild (?)

Comments: BG: Dimasa su, Bodo sou; Mikir su; Meithei su. Ben. 27,, Ben. 158.

Chinese characters :

Character: 孫

Modern (Beijing) reading: sūn

Preclassic Old Chinese: sw(h)ǝ̄n

Classic Old Chinese: (s)w̥ǝ̄n

Western Han Chinese: (s)w̥ǝ̄n

Eastern Han Chinese: w̥ǝ̄n

Early Postclassic Chinese: swǝ̄n

Middle Postclassic Chinese: swǝ̄n

Late Postclassic Chinese: swǝ̄n

Middle Chinese: son

English meaning : grandson, descendant

Russian meaning[s]: 1) внук; 2) потомки; 3) побеги растений (при вегетативном размножении); 4) Сунь (фамилия); [sùn xùn] уступать, отклоняться; см. 遜

Shuowen gloss: 子之子曰孫.從系子.系續也.

Comments: The OC reconstruction presents some problems. MC son would normally presuppose OC *sūn - and this is the more or less commonly accepted reconstruction (see Schüssler 592 *suǝn, Baxter 790 *sun etc.). However, the word rhymes only with non-labialised *-ǝn or *-an in Shijing, which seems to favour a reconstruction like *sw(h)ǝ̄n in OC. This must be, then, a case of irregular development *sw(h)- > s(w)- in the 1st division in MC (normally *xon would be expected). Shuowen regards 系 in 孫 as a semantic element, but it may in fact be phonetic - cf. its use in 鯀 *kwǝ̄n.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 39

Four-angle index: 8296

Karlgren code: 0434 a-c

Jianchuan Bai: suã4

Dali Bai: sua4

Bijiang Bai: sõ4

Shijing occurrences: 5.1, 24.2, 24.3_, 31.2

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 907

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 孫

MC description : 臻合一平魂心

ZIHUI: 1327 2171

Beijing: suǝn 11

Jinan: suẽ 11

Xi'an: suẽ 11

Taiyuan: suŋ 1

Hankou: sǝn 11

Chengdu: sǝn 11

Yangzhou: suǝn 11

Suzhou: sǝn 11

Wenzhou: sö 11

Changsha: sǝn 11

Shuangfeng: suǝn 11

Nanchang: sun 11

Meixian: sun 11

Guangzhou: šyn 11

Xiamen: sun 11 (lit.); sŋ 11

Chaozhou: suŋ 11

Fuzhou: souŋ 11

Shanghai: sǝŋ 3

Zhongyuan yinyun: suǝn 1

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *-́s

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: young (of animals), child

Yasin: -ís

Hunza: -́s-k

Nagar: -́s-k

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *śa- / *śe- / *-śo

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 uncle 2 father-in-law 3 parent(s) 4 great-grandparent 5 grand-daughter 6 grandson 7 grand-nephew 8 ancestor 9 great-uncle

Bizkaian: osa-ba 1, gura-so 3, asa-ba 8

Gipuzkoan: osa-ba 1, gura-so 3, asa-ba 8

High Navarrese: osa-ba 1, 2, bura-so 3, asa-ba 1, 9

Low Navarrese: osa-ba 1, bura-so 4, iloba-so 6, arba-so 8

Lapurdian: osa-ba 1, 2, bur(h)a-so 3, arba-so 8

Zuberoan: osa-ba 1, alhaba-so 5, seme-so 6, iloba-so 7, bürü-so 8

Roncalese: osa-ba 1

Comments: This prolific kinship morpheme seems to be related to PNC *=ɨ̆šwĔ 'son / daughter' (originally with changing class prefixes, as still in some EC langs.). It is probably present also in Bsq *śeme 'son', possibly a compound of *śe- + *hume 'child, baby'; and BZK sein 'child'.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : CVWV

Meaning : to bear

Eurasiatic : *š[e]wV

Afroasiatic : *šVwħ- 'be pregnant, egg' (Cush., Eg.)

Sino-Caucasian : *=ɨ̆šwĔ

Austric : PAA *caw, (?) Mal. chuchu 'grandchild'

Reference : МССНЯ 361; ND 2179.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *š[e]wV

Meaning: to bear

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *seu̯ǝ-

Altaic: (TM *sebu - suggested by V. Glumov)

Uralic: ? Mar. šǝwä 'потомство'

Kartvelian: *šew-/*šw-

References: МССНЯ 361; ND 2179 *š[e]wħV 'to give birth, be born'.

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *sōw-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to give birth

Tokharian: A se, B soy `Sohn' (PT *soy); B soṃśke '(dear) son' (dimin.) ( < *sūnu-) (Adams 702 f)

Old Indian: sūte, sūyate, inf. sū́tave, sávitave `to beget, procreate, bear', sū́- m. `one who begets, father, mother', sū́tu- f. `child-bearing, pregnancy'; sūnú- m. `son, child'

Avestan: hunāmi `gebären, Kinder zur Welt bringen', hazaŋrō-hunā `eine, die 1000 Kinder zur Welt bringt'; hunu- 'son'

Armenian: ustr `Sohn'

Old Greek: hüi̯ó-s, att. hüó-s, aeol. hü̂i̯o-s, älter hüi̯ǘ-s, altatt., lak., gort. hüǘ-s, hǖ́-s m., hom. gen. hü̂i̯-os, dat. hüi̯éi, hüi̯êi̯, hü̂i̯i, acc. hüi̯éa, hü̂i̯a, pl. hüi̯ées, hü̂i̯es, gen. hüi̯éōn, dat. hüiôi̯si, hüi̯ási, acc. hüi̯éas, hü̂i̯as, dual. hüi̯ée, hü̂i̯e m. `Sohn'; hüi̯ōnó-s m. 'grandson'

Slavic: *sɨ̄nъ

Baltic: *sū̂-n-u- (2) m.

Germanic: *su-n-ú- m., *su-n-í- m., *sōn-V- m.; *sōn-i- c.; *su-x-tr-ian- m.

Celtic: *sut- > OIr suth `Geburt, Frucht'

Russ. meaning: рож(д)ать; сын

References: WP II 469 f

Vasmer's dictionary :

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *sū̂-n-u- (2) m.

Meaning: son

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: sūnù-s `Sohn'

Old Prussian: soūns `Sohn'

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *sunú-z, *suní-z, *sōnV-z; *sōni-z; *suxtriēn

Meaning: son

IE etymology: IE etymology

Gothic: sunu-s m. (u) `son'

Old Norse: sun-r, son-r

Swedish: son

Old English: { sun }; suhterga (suhtriga, suhtria), -an m. `brother's son, nephew'

English: son

Old Frisian: sunu, sune, sun, son

Old Saxon: sunu

Middle Dutch: sōne, zuene

Dutch: zoon m., dial. zeun

Middle Low German: sȫne

Old High German: sunu (8.Jh.), sun (i-St., 8.Jh.)

Middle High German: sun, suon, md. son, sūn st. m. 'sohn; das männl. junge der tiere'

German: Sohn m.

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *šew- / šw-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: рождать

English meaning: to give birth

Georgian: šev-, š(v)-; šv-il- 'child'; Old Georg. ṗir-mšo 'firstborn'

Megrel: sku- 'to lay eggs'; skua 'son'

Svan: ǝmsge 'son', sgej, sḳe 'child'

Laz: sku-, sk(v)- 'to lay eggs', sk-ir- 'child'

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 139, 214, 217, EWK 423-424. Весьма древний корень, имеющий как ностратические (ПИЕ *sewǝ- 'рождать', урал. *[še]wV- < ностр. *š[e]wV, см. МССНЯ 361; Бомхард 1996, 160 присоединяет также драв. *cē(y)- 'сын, ребенок'), так и СК параллели (ПСК *=ɨ̆šwĔ 'сын, дочь', см. NCED 671-672).

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *CVw

Meaning: grandchild

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *caw

Austroasiatic meaning: grandchild

Proto-Austronesian: Mal chuchu

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *caw

Meaning: grandchild

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Presyllable: #

Proto-Katuic: *caw

Proto-Bahnaric: *caw

Khmer: cɔ:w < OK caw CHECK

Proto-Pearic: *cVw.N

Proto-Monic: *caw

Proto-Palaungic: Wa *saɨʔ V?

Proto-Khmu: *ʒeʔ IV?

Khasi: ksiew grandchild

References: Kh 718, S-108

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *caw

Meaning: grandchild

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-West Katuic: *caw

Proto-East Katuic: *caw

References: P-65; TK7.39

West Katuic etymology :

Proto-West Katuic: *caw

Meaning: grandchild

Presyllable: # / ʔǝ-

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Bru Van Keu: cʌw

Bru Van Keu meaning: grandson

So: caw.N

So meaning: grandchild

Kui: ʔǝcaw.N

Kui meaning: grandchild

Kuay: kâ:n.N caw.N

Kuay meaning: offspring

Ngeu: kɔ:n.N caw.N

Ngeu meaning: offspring

East Katuic etymology :

Proto-East Katuic: *caw

Meaning: grandchild

Presyllable: ʔǝ-

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Pakoh: ʔǝcaw

Pakoh meaning: grandchild

Lao Katu: caw

Lao Katu meaning: grandchild

Ngeq: caw

Ngeq meaning: grandchild

Kri: ʔacaw

Chatong: ʔacaw

Kantu dialects: cacɛw V?

Triw: ʔacaw

Dakkan dialects (1): ńcaw, caw

Dakkan dialects (2): kɔ:n caw ndru:l

Dakkan meaning: grandson

Katu dialects (3): kakɔ:n cacaw "offspring"

Bahnar etymology :

Proto-Bahnaric: *căw

Meaning: grandchild

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Bahnar: sǝw

Bahnar meaning: grandchild

Proto-North Bahnaric: *caw.T

Proto-South Bahnaric: *saw

Proto-West Bahnaric: *caw

Proto-Northwest-Bahnaric: *caw

Harak: caw

References: PNB-431, JS-266, TB7.59

North Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-Bahnaric: *caw.T

Meaning: grandchild

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Rengao form: caw.T

Rengao meaning: grandchild

Jeh form: caw.T

Jeh meaning: grandchild, nephew

Sedang form: caw.T

Sedang meaning: grandchild

References: PNB-431

South Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-South Bahnaric: *saw

Meaning: grandchild

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Chrau form: saw

Chrau meaning: grandchild

Stieng form: saw

Stieng meaning: grandchild

References: SBS-259

West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-West- Bahnaric: *caw

Meaning: grandchild

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Jaru form: caw

Jaru meaning: grandchild

Lavi: caw

Juk: caw

Nhaheung form: co

Nhaheung meaning: grandchild

Brao form: caw

Brao meaning: grandchild

References: JS-266

North-West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-West- Bahnaric: *caw

Meaning: grandchild

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Tariang: caw

Kaseng: caw

Yaeh: caw

Harak etymology :

Proto-Harak: *caw

Meaning: grandchild

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Harak: caw

Khmer etymology :

Khmer: caw

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Old Khmer: caw

Old Khmer Meaning: grand children

References: P168

Pearic etymology :

Proto-Pearic: *cVw.N

Meaning: grandchild

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Chong: câo.A

Chong meaning: grandson, granddaughter

Song: co:.A

Song meaning: grandson, granddaughter

Suoi Kompong: caw prɔh

Viet-Muong etymology :

Proto-Viet-Muong:

Meaning: grandchildren

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Vietnamese: cháu

Vietnamese meaning: grandson (PH)

Arem: cawʔ cat

Monic etymology :

Proto-Monic: *caw

Meaning: grandchild

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Modern Mon: cau

Old Mon: cow

Middle Mon: cau

Nyakur: caw.L

Nyakur meaning: grandchild

References: N173; S-108

Palaung-Wa etymology :

Proto-Palaung-Wa:

Meaning: grandson

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-Wa: *saɨʔ

Proto-Plang: **s[ǝ/aɨ]ʔ

Proto-De'ang: **sa:u

Wa etymology :

Proto-Wa:

Meaning: grandson

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Paraok: saɨʔ, kɔn-

Paraok meaning: grandson

Wa: sauʔ, kuan-

Wa meaning: grandson

Ava: saiʔ, kuan-

Lawa: soʔ, kuan-

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