Khoekhoe etymology :

Proto-Khoekhoe : *ɳ||a

Meaning : that

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

Nama : ||nã́

!Ora : ||na; ||nab (Wu.)

References : Vossen 251-2; Wuras 51.

Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoe : *ɳ||à

Meaning : that; deictic base

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Khoekhoe : *ɳ||a

West Khoe : *ɳ||a

References : Baucom 27; Vossen 251-2.

West Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-West Khoe : *ɳ||a

Meaning : that

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

Kxoe (Hukwe) : ɳ||àa; ɳ||nă (Kö.)

Naro : ɳ||nà "this" (V.)

References : KH; Vossen 251-2.

Macro-Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoisan : *ɳ||a-

Meaning : to stay; deictic element (this, here, there)

Proto-Bushman : *ɳ||a

Proto-Khoe : *ɳ||à

Sandawe : *nē (?)

Notes : The Sandawe form is comparable only under the condition of irregular click loss in that language.

Peripheral Khoisan etymology :

Number : 205

Proto-Bushman : *ɳǀǀa

Meaning : to be (somewhere)

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Taa : *ɳǀǀa

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *ɳǀǀa

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

Notes : A SK isogloss (Bleek-only). Bleek also cites ɳǀǀa 'there; in' in ǀǀAuǀǀen and !O!Kung, but no traces of this form can be located in non-Bleek sources on North Khoisan, meaning that these forms could actually be Namaisms. The SK forms are too widespread and diverse in meaning to be considered borrowings, though.

South Khoisan (Taa subgroup) etymology :

Proto-Taa : *ɳ||a

Meaning : to be (there)

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

Masarwa : ||na

|Nu//en : ||na

References : Bleek 612.

South Khoisan (!Wi subgroup) etymology :

Proto-!Wi : *ɳ||a

Meaning : to stay, be with, dwell, stand

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : ||na, ||n̥a (B.), ||nă, ||nḁ̆ (Ll.) "to be, stay"

//Ng : ||na

N|huki : ɳ!ã-||ʔǝ, ɳ!aaʔa, ɳ!aana "stand"

#Khomani : ||ŋa (Dk.. Mg.)

//Kxau : ṅa

|Auni : ||na "copula before numerals"

|Haasi : !nwa "stand" (?)

References : Bleek 611-612; Maingard 247; Meinhof 1929: 187; NFn.

Sandawe etymology :

Proto-Sandawe : *nē

Meaning : this here

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Sandawe : nɛ́ɛ̀^ŋ (TBW)

References : TBW 305.

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