Khoekhoe etymology :

Proto-Khoekhoe : *ti

Meaning : I, me

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

Nama : ti, tita

!Ora : tire (m.); tita (f.)

Notes : Griqua tir (m.), tita (f.) (Dirk Kok).

References : Haacke 41; Meinhof 149; Rust 358; Wuras 28.

Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoe : *tí

Meaning : I, me

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Khoekhoe : *ti

West Khoe : *ti

East Khoe : *tí[-re]/*tá

Notes : The original situation is likely to have been best preserved in !Ora: *ti-re = *ti-de 'I (m.)', *ti-ta 'I (f.)'. Since ti- operates as a detachable prefix here, this explains why in some languages the forms te (< *de) and ta have replaced the original complex forms.

References : Vossen 234, 238, 239, etc..

West Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-West Khoe : *ti

Meaning : I, me

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

//Ani : tí

Kxoe (Hukwe) : tí

Buga : tí

|Ganda : tí

Naro : tíyá, tírá (V.); tí, tírá (Ba.)

|Gwi : tírè; tyírè (Kö.); kere (Ta.)

//Gana : tê; tyíè (Kö.); ke (Ta.)

#Haba : tí; tyírè (Kö.)

References : Barnard 18; Bleek 229; KH; Tanaka 50; Vossen 234, 238, 239, etc.

East Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-East Khoe : *tí[-re]/*tá

Meaning : I, me

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

|Xaise : tá

Deti : tá

Cara : tá

Tsixa : tí

Danisi : tá

Cua : tyíre (Nata), tyé (Letakana)

Kua : kyé, kyédì

Tsua : kyé, kyédè

Hietshware : tši

References : Dornan 90; Vossen 234, 238, 239, etc..

Macro-Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoisan : *Ti

Meaning : 1st person pronoun sg. (emphatic form?)

Proto-Bushman : *de (?)

Proto-Khoe : *tí

Sandawe : *ci

Notes : Khoe and Sandawe forms are easily reconcilable assuming palatalization in Sandawe; in Bushman, however, the only detectable parallel for now seems to be the special emphatic form de in !Xóõ.

Peripheral Khoisan etymology :

Number : 943

Proto-Bushman : *de (?)

Meaning : 1st person emph. particle

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Taa : *dē

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Notes : A particle only found in !Xóõ, but an important word nevertheless, as it may be related to the 1st p. pronoun of PCK and Sandawe.

South Khoisan (Taa subgroup) etymology :

Proto-Taa : *dē

Meaning : emphatic 1st pers. sg. particle

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

!Xoong : dē

!Xoong derivates : n̄ʔn̄ dē "Me!?"

References : Traill 158.

Sandawe etymology :

Proto-Sandawe : *ci

Meaning : I, myself, me

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Sandawe : tsi, tsi_ṅ (D.); t̥sí (E.); ci (K.); tsì (Kim.); tsíŋ (TBW)

Notes : Cf. Kwadi ta id.

References : Dempwolff 52; Elderkin 1983: 505; Honken 1977: 156; Kagaya 83; Kimmenade 57; TBW 303.

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