Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoe : *|xá

Meaning : muscle; body

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Khoekhoe : *|xa

West Khoe : *|xá

East Khoe : *|xá

Notes : Baucom: ||Gabake |xhaa.

References : Baucom 18; Vossen 468.

Khoekhoe etymology :

Proto-Khoekhoe : *|xa

Meaning : body

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

Nama : |khā-b

!Ora : |xā-b; |khāb (Wu.)

References : Haacke 67; Meinhof 99; Wuras 13.

West Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-West Khoe : *|xá

Meaning : muscle; body

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

//Ani : |xá

Kxoe (Hukwe) : |xá (Kö.)

Buga : |xá "biceps"

Naro : |xàa

|Gwi : |xá; |ká (Ta.)

//Gana : |xâ; |ká (Ta.)

References : Tanaka 63; Visser 6; Vossen 468.

East Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-East Khoe : *|xá

Meaning : muscle; body

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

|Xaise : |xá

Deti : |xà "lip"

Cara : |xà "a boneless piece of meat"

Kua : |xá

Tsua : |xá

References : Vossen 468-9.

Macro-Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoisan : *ʘ^ha

Meaning : meat

Proto-Bushman : *!̯ʷkha

Proto-Khoe : *|xá

Sandawe : *mancha (?)

Hadza : *mana (?)

Notes : The Sandawe form is included only because it might, in the long run, provide a clue for the labial click in South Khoisan; but at the present time, this is sheer conjecture. The Kxoe and Peripheral Bushman forms are quite likely to go back to the same source, though.

Peripheral Khoisan etymology :

Number : 138

Proto-Bushman : *!̯ʷkha

Meaning : meat

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *!̯kha

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *ʘà

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *ʘha

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

Notes : Irregular -0- in PSK. Due to labial click influx?

North Khoisan etymology :

South Khoisan (Taa subgroup) etymology :

Proto-Taa : *ʘà

Stems : *ʘà-je

Meaning : meat

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

!Xoong : ʘàje 3 I

Masarwa : ʘpwe

|Nu//en : ʘpwē, ʘpwi

!Xoong derivates : ʘàje ʘàa 2 II, ʘàje ʘʔâni 2 II "animals, creatures of the wild, game"; ʘàje |è ǂqhùe "east wind which is favourable for hunting"

Notes : Cf. also !Xóõ ʘã̀ "herd of eland, flesh, meat", ʘã̀-tê "pieces of meat, flesh", kùu ʘã̀ "mutton".

References : Bleek 684, 685, 687; Traill 47.

South Khoisan (!Wi subgroup) etymology :

Proto-!Wi : *ʘha

Stems : *ʘha-i

Meaning : meat

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : ʘpu̥āī, emph. ʘpu̥āītǝn (Ll.)

//Ng : ʘpwāī

N|huki : ʘʷee, ʘoi, ʘoe, ʘʷae

#Khomani : ʘkwoe (Mg.); ʘkoi, ʘkoe (Dk.); ʘkwaica "body"

//Xegwi (Batwa) : ʘ̥wā, ʘ̥wāgǝn; ʘā (LH)

|Auni : ʘpwē

|Haasi : ʘwi

References : Bleek 684, 685, 687; \X<1.144>NFn; LHb 48; Maingard\x 246.

Sandawe etymology :

Proto-Sandawe : *mancha

Meaning : to eat

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Sandawe : mantsa (D.); mancha (K.); mantsha (Kim.); mântsa, mântsàʔò (TBW)

References : Dempwolff 48; Kagaya 94; Kimmenade 48; TBW 304.

Hadza etymology :

Proto-Hadza : *mana

Meaning : meat; body

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Hadza : mana, man (B.); mana (E.); mana-ko (S.); mànà-kô (Tc.)

References : Bleek 135; Elderkin; Sands 186; Tucker.

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