Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoe : *cá

Meaning : thou (m.)

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Khoekhoe : *sa

West Khoe : *cá

East Khoe : *cá

References : Baucom 27; Vossen 234-250.

Khoekhoe etymology :

Proto-Khoekhoe : *sa

Meaning : thou (m.)

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

Nama : sá-ts (m.), sá-s (f.)

!Ora : sa-ts (m.); sa-s (f.)

References : Vossen 234-250.

West Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-West Khoe : *cá

Meaning : thou (m.)

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

//Ani : cá

Kxoe (Hukwe) : ćá; tçá (Kö.)

Buga : cá

|Ganda : cá

Naro : cá(-ci) (V.)

|Gwi : cí

//Gana : câ; cáè (Kö.)

#Haba : câ; cáè (Kö.)

References : KH; Vossen 234-250.

East Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-East Khoe : *cá

Meaning : thou (m.)

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

|Xaise : ćá

Deti : cá

Cara : cá

Tsixa : cá

Danisi : cá

Cua : čá (Nata), cá (Letakana)

Kua : cá

Tsua : cá

Hietshware : tša

References : Dornan 90; Vossen 234-250.

Macro-Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoisan : *[H]a

Meaning : 2nd person pronoun

Proto-Bushman : *a(^h)

Proto-Khoe : *c-á

Sandawe : *ha-pV (?)

Notes : Initial *c- in Khoe is most probably a former class prefix, as seen from the opposing form *s-á (fem., where *s- = *-s in the general feminine marker for nouns.) Much more problematic is the Sandawe stem, where the main emphasis is on the *-pV part (which also functions separately in verbal forms as the regular marker for the 2nd p. sg.), while initial ha- has been tentatively associated (e. g. by O. Dempwolff) with the deictic stem *ha- 'that'. However, given the similarity of Sandawe 1st p. pronouns with Khoe, it cannot be excluded that ha- is, in fact, the primary marker here.

Peripheral Khoisan etymology :

Number : 222

Proto-Bushman : *a(^h)

Meaning : 2nd person pronoun, thou

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *a

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *ā^h

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *a^h

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

Notes : Occasionally used with a following nasal consonant (possibly of emphatic nature).

North Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Ju: *a

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ LL [e]

Meaning: thou (2nd p. sg.)

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : à // há "you (hort. pron. 2nd per. sg.)"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): a

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ahi // a "thy"

!Kung (Lloyd) : ắ ~ a ~ ắhn̆

!Kung (Doke): -aː ~ àːhŋ

!Kung (Vedder): a

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ahi, ahŋ // a "thou, thy"

!O!Kung (Snyman): a

Ekoka : à

Notes : The emphatic form *a-hŋ is also reconstructible.

References : Bleek 4, 6; Dickens 188; KH 127; Snyman 86; Snyman 1980: 47.

RefLex number: 4

South Khoisan (Taa subgroup) etymology :

Proto-Taa : *ā^h

Meaning : thou

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

!Xoong : āh 2 I, emph. āhʔā

Masarwa : a, poss. a-ka, a-a

|Nu//en : a, a-a

!Xoong derivates : dim. āh |qà̰ba(ʔā)

References : Bleek 3-4; Traill 195.

South Khoisan (!Wi subgroup) etymology :

Proto-!Wi : *a^h

Stems : *ā(^h)-ŋ

Meaning : thou

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : a, ā, emph. ăkẹn, poss. akka (B.)

//Ng : a, poss. a-ka; aŋ

N|huki : a

#Khomani : a, ã, ʔa (Mg.)

//Kxau : ʔa; āńā

//Ku//e : a; an

Seroa : a (Arb., Wu.)

!Gã!ne : a

//Xegwi (Batwa) : a, emph. an, poss. a-ka

|Auni : a, poss. a, a-sn

|Haasi : a

|Nusan : a, emph. aggen, before negatives an; aŋ

References : Bleek 3-4, 10; Maingard 244; Meinhof 1929: 1985; NFn.

Sandawe etymology :

Proto-Sandawe : *hapV

Meaning : thou

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Sandawe : hapa, hapu (D.); hàpú̥ (E.); hapu (K., Kim.); hapǘ (TBW)

Notes : Cf. Kwadi sa id. (provided Kwadi *s- is a former prefix, as in CK, and Sandawe -pu is a suffix).

References : Dempwolff 45; Elderkin 1983: 505; Honken 1977: 156; Kagaya 86; Kimmenade 40; TBW 303.

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