Peripheral Khoisan etymology :

Number : 74

Proto-Bushman : *ǀʔɛ

Meaning : fire

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Taa : *ǀʔà

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *ǀʔe

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

ǂHoan : *ɡʘoa [?]

Bushman > ǂHoan : Bushman > ǂHoan

Notes : A SK isogloss, obviously archaic, since it has good external parallels in CK. Within PB, however, the only possible connection is with the ǂHoan form - very dubious because neither the click efflux nor the vocalism do not correspond well.

South Khoisan (Taa subgroup) etymology :

Proto-Taa : *|ʔà

Stems : *|ʔã̀

Meaning : fire

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

!Xoong : |ʔã̀ 2 II, pl. |ʔàn-tê 2 II

Masarwa : |ã̄, |ã

|Nu//en : |ã

!Xoong derivates : dim. kâ-|ʔã̀-mà/|ʔã̀ ʘàa, pl. |ʔàn ʘʔâni, |ʔàna-tê ʘʔâni

References : Bleek 267, 292; Traill 71.

South Khoisan (!Wi subgroup) etymology :

Proto-!Wi : *|ʔe

Meaning : fire

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : |i (B.); |i, |ḗ (Ll.)

//Ng : |i

N|huki : ŋ̊|ʔi

#Khomani : |ʔi (Mg.)

//Kxau : |ʔi⁺

//Ku//e : |e; |i (B.)

Seroa : |ei

!Gã!ne : |i; |ā "to burn" (?)

//Xegwi (Batwa) : |e, |i ; |ʔe (LH)

|Auni : |i

|Haasi : |i

|Nusan : |ī

Notes : The !Gã!ne form |a "burn" is unclear. On one hand, it has no other etymology, but on the other hand, the difference in vocalism is unclear (the form *|a for this root is very clearly a Taa, not a !Wi, feature).

References : Bleek 267, 271, 272, 292; LHa 105; Meinhof 1929; 185; NFn.

East #Hoan etymology :

Proto-#Hoan : *ɡʘoa

Meaning : fire

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

#Hoan : ɡʘoa (CF, T.)

References : Cornell Files; Traill 1973: 30.

Macro-Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoisan : *|ʔe

Meaning : fire

Proto-Bushman : *|ʔɛ

Proto-Khoe : *|ʔé

Notes : An impressive match between South Khoisan and Khoe, although the word is not attested in North Khoisan. The contact scenario is not very realistic (the word is easily reconstructible on the deepest levels of both families and belongs to the basic lexicon).

Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoe : *|ʔé

Meaning : fire

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Khoekhoe : *|ʔae

West Khoe : *|ʔé

East Khoe : *|ʔě

Notes : Baucom: ||Gabake |ʔee, Shua, Buka |ʔe, Molepolole |i, Hai!um |ʔai.

References : Baucom 20; Vossen 435.

Khoekhoe etymology :

Proto-Khoekhoe : *|ʔae

Meaning : fire

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

Nama : |ae-s; |aib (R.)

!Ora : |ʔaeb; |eib (Wu.)

References : Haacke 50; Meinhof 94; Rust 10; Wuras 23.

West Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-West Khoe : *|ʔé

Meaning : fire

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

//Ani : |ʔě

Kxoe (Hukwe) : |ʔé

Buga : |ʔě

|Ganda : |ʔé

Naro : |ʔee; |ʔé (V.); |éé (Ba.)

|Gwi : |ʔé; |ē (Ta.)

//Gana : |ʔê; |ē (Ta.)

#Haba : |ʔé

References : Barnard 109; KH; Tanaka 36; Visser 1998: 128; Vossen 435.

East Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-East Khoe : *|ʔě

Meaning : fire

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

Cara : |ʔě

Tsixa : |ʔě

Danisi : |ʔě

Kua : |ʔé

Tsua : |ʔé

Hietshware : |'e, |ee, |ke (Bau.)

References : Baucom 31; Vossen 435.

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