Turkic etymology : List with all references

Proto-Turkic: *Kadgu

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: sorrow

Russian meaning: печаль

Old Turkic: qadɣu (OUygh.)

Karakhanid: qaδɣu (MK, KB)

Turkish: kajɣɨ

Tatar: qajɣɨ

Middle Turkic: qajɣɨ (Qutb., Pav. C.)

Uzbek: qɛjɣɨ (dial.)

Azerbaidzhan: Gajɣɨ

Turkmen: GajGɨ

Chuvash: xojɣa

Kirghiz: qajɣɨ

Kazakh: qajɣɨ

Noghai: qajɣɨ

Bashkir: qajɣɨ

Karaim: qajɣɨ

Karakalpak: qajɣɨ

Kumyk: qajɣɨ

Comments: VEWT 217, ЭСТЯ 5, 201-203, Федотов 2, 352-353.

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Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *gằju

Meaning: sorrow

Russian meaning: печаль

Turkic: *Kadgu

Mongolian: *gaj

Tungus-Manchu: *gaja-

Korean: *kǝi'ǝm

Japanese: *kùjà-

Comments: Мудрак Дисс. 102. Cf. also Kalm. gejǖn, WMong. gejeɣün 'grievous, gloomy' (perhaps < *gaju-gi- with secondary fronting). Note the peculiar *-d- in PT, reflected as -j- (not -r-) in Chuv.: perhaps we should rather reconstruct *Kaj(i)-dgu for early PT, with subsequent development either > *Kajgu or > *Kadgu.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *gaj

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: sorrow, grief, woe

Russian meaning: печаль, горе, несчастье

Written Mongolian: ɣai (L 344)

Khalkha: gaj

Buriat: gaj

Kalmuck: gǟ

Ordos: gǟ

Dagur: gai (Тод. Даг. 130)

Comments: KW 149. Mong. > Man. Gaj `impediment, obstacle' (see Rozycki 85).

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Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *gaja-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to have insomnia 2 to be possessed, demoniac

Russian meaning: 1 испытывать бессонницу 2 быть одержимым

Literary Manchu: Gajla- 2

Ulcha: Gajaǯụ- 1

Orok: Gajaddị- 1

Nanai: Gajaǯị- 1

Comments: ТМС 1, 136.

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Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *kǝi'ǝm

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: envy, covetousness

Russian meaning: зависть

Modern Korean: kejǝm

Middle Korean: kǝi'ǝm

Comments: Liu 52, KED 109.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *kùjà-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to be sorry

Russian meaning: сожалеть, прискорбный, достойный сожаления

Old Japanese: kuja-

Middle Japanese: kùjà-

Tokyo: kuyashí-

Kyoto: kúyáshì-

Kagoshima: kuyashí-

Comments: JLTT 834. Also PJ *kùjà-m- 'to feel sorry, regret'.

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